A   GRAMMAR  OF   THE  IRISH 
LANGUAGE 

By  Dr.  Chas.  H.  Stanley  Davis 
This  Grammar  will  comprise 
everything  necessary  for  the  stu- 
dent to  acquire,  in  order  to  obtain 
a  grammatical  knowledge  of  the 
Irish  language.  While  it  refers 
more  particularly  to  the  modem 
Irish  tongue,  yet  the  ancient  forms 
of  the  language  have  not  been 
neglected. 
[In  preparation] 


An  Chéad 
Leabhar  Gaedhilge 

FIRST  IRISH  BOOK 


FOR  BEGINNERS  IN  THE  STUDY 
OF  MODERN  IRISH 


BY 

DR.  CHARLES  H.  STANLEY  DAVIS 

Author  of  "A  History  of  Eg\-pt,"  "Greek  and  Roman  Stoicism," 
"A  Grammar  of  the  Old  Persian  Language,"  etc. 


EDUCATIONAL  PUBLISHING  COMPANY 

BOSTON 

New  York  Chicago        San  Francisco 


Copyright,  1912 

BY 

EDUCATIOX.\L  PUBLISHING  COMPANY 


PREFACE 


This  book  has  been  prepared  to  supply  the  want  of  a  simple 
text-book  for  beginners  in  the  study  of  modem  Irish,  and 
contains  the  essentials  which  are  necessary  for  every  student 
of  the  Irish  language  to  know.  Particular  pains  have  been 
taken  to  fully  illustrate  every  rule  by  examples. 

But  little  attention  has  been  given  to  grammatical  explana- 
tions, as  they  would  only  confuse  the  learner.  When  this 
book  has  been  mastered,  the  student  is  better  able  to  enter 
upon  the  study  of  the  declensions  and  conjugations,  and  to 
make  a  more  thorough  study  of  the  language. 

Particular  attention  has  been  given  to  pronunciation  and  the 
use  of  idioms,  and  over  five  hundred  words  are  explained, 
which  are  most  likely  to  be  used  in  conversation. 

Charles  H.  S.  Davis. 


CONTENTS 


PAGE 

Preface   7 

The  Alphabet   9 

The  Vowels   10 

Sounds  of  the  Vowels   11 

The  Consonants   12 

Sounds  of  the  Consonants   12 

Diphthongs   16 

Sounds  of  the  Diphthongs   17 

Triphthongs   18 

Sounds  of  the  Triphthongs   18 

Aspiration   19 

Sounds  of  the  Aspirated  Letters   20 

Rules  for  Aspiration   26 

Eclipsis   27 

Snycope    30 

Irish  Pronunciation   31 

The  Article   35 

Declension  of  the  Article   35 

Pronouns   36 

Possessive  Pronouns   41 

Relative  Pronouns   42 

Demonstrative  Pronouns   42 

Interrogative  Pronouns   43 

5 


6  CONTENTS 

Indefinite  Pronouns   44 

Adjectives   45 

Irregular  Comparatives   47 

The  Possessive  Adjectives   47 

Nouns  with  Adjectives   49 

Formation  of  Adjectives   50 

Numeral  Adjectives     .       .       .       .       .       .       .  52 

Verbs   57 

The  Verb  to  he   58 

The  Forms  of  ta  and  bh-fuil   59 

The  Moods  of  do  bheith   62 

The  Impersonal  Verb  is   64 

Adverbs   66 

Adverbial  Phrases  ;       .       .  68 

Prepositions   72 

Compound  Prepositions   73 

Conjunctions   75 

Interjections  and  Inter jectional  Phrases   .       .       .  -76 

Prefixes   78 

Affixes   78 

Conversational  Phrases   79 

Idioms   90 

Vocabulary   95 

War  Cries  of  the  Ancient  Irish   134 


*'The  Keltic  tongue!  the  Keltic  tongue!  why  should  its 
voice  be  still, 

When  all  its  magic  tones  with  old  and  golden  glories  thrill  — 
When,  like  an  aged  bard,  it  sings  departed  warrior's  might  — 
When  it  was  heard  in  kingly  halls  where  throng'd  the  brave 
and  bright  — 

When  oft  its  glowing  tales  of  war  made  dauntless  hearts 
beat  high  — 

When  oft  its  tales  of  hapless  love  drew  tears  from  beauty's 
eye." 


An  Chead  Leabhar  Gaedhilge 
FIRST  IRISH  BOOK 

CHAPTER  I 

The  Alphabet 

The  Irish  Alphabet  (aibghitir)  consists  of  eighteen 
letters,  five  of  which  are  vowels;  the  remaining; 
thirteen  are  consonants. 


Irish 
Letters 


Equivalents. 


English 


Irish  Phonetic  Names 
OF  THE  Letters. 
aw,  a. 


A,  a 

B,  b 

C,  c 

D,  d 

E,  e 

F,  f 


bay. 
kay. 
day. 


ey,  éh  (short) 

fay 


may 
enn 


ell 


N,  n 
O,  o 


oh,  a 

pay 
err 
shay 
chay 
00,  Ú 

hay 


K,  r 
S,  s 


lO 


FIRST  IRISH  BOOK 


It  will  be  noticed  that  the  Irish  letters  differ  but 
little  from  the  ordinary  English  or  Roman  letters. 
The  only  letters  which  present  any  difficulty  are  the 
small  letters,  g,  r,  5,  and  t,  and  the  pupil  who  can 
distinguish  these  few  from  each  other  has  mastered 
the  Irish  alphabet. 

It  will  be  seen  that  there  is  no  k  and  no  q  in  this 
alphabet.  There  is  also  no  v,  w,  x,  or  z.  C, 
always  hard,  as  cold  or  kill^  has  to  do  duty  for  itself 
and  the  other  two.  G  is  never  soft,  but  hard,  equal 
to  got  and  get. 

The  Vowels 

The  vowels  are  divided  into  two  classes: 

1  The  broad  vowels:  a,  a,  u. 

2  The  slender  vowels:  i. 

A  broad  vowel  must  accompany  a  broad  vowel, 
and  a  slender  vowel  a  slender  one.  Thus  in  saoradh 
{acquittal)  the  broad  a  requiring  another  broad  vowel, 
6>,  to  accompany  it. 

As  we  shall  see,  an  Irish  consonant  is  broad  when- 
ever it  immediately  precedes  or  follows  a  broad 
vowel  (a,  (7,  u),  and  an  Irish  consonant  is  slender 
whenever  it  immediately  precedes  or  follows  a  slender 
vowel  (e,  i). 

Each  vowel  has  two  sounds  —  a  short  sound  and 
a  long  sound.  The  long  vowels  are  marked  by  means 
of  an  acute  accent  (')  placed  over  the  vowel,  as 
bás,  death;  mór,  hig;  min,  fine. 


FIRST  IRISH  BOOK 


II 


When  the  vowel  has  a  short  sound,  there  is  no  mark, 
as  min,  meal.    Thus  min  min,  -fine  meal. 

But  it  must  be  remembered  that  the  broad  vowels 
(a,  0,  u)  are  not  always  long  vowels,  neither  are  the 
slender  vowels  (e,  i)  always  short. 

In  modern  Irish  no  vowels  are  doubled  in  the 
same  syllable,  like  ee  or  oo  in  English. 

There  are  no  quiescent  final  vowels,  as  in  English 
or  French;  when  such  vowels  are  unaccented  they 
are  sounded  very  short. 

Sounds  of  the  Vowels 

á  long  sounds  like  a  in  /ar,  as  lán,  jull;  árd,  high, 
a  short  sounds  like  a  in  that,  as  anam,  a  soul;  glas, 
green. 

é  long  sounds  like  e  in  pay,  as  ré,  time;  sé,  six. 
e  short  sounds  like  e  in  get,  as  duine,  a  man;  buile, 
rage. 

Í  long  sounds  like  ee  in  eel,  as  min,  -fine;  ri,  a  king, 
i  short  sounds  like  i  in  mill,  as  mil,  honey;  bile,  a  tree. 
6  long  sounds  like  o  in  old,  as  mor,  great;  or,  gold. 
0  short  sounds  like  a  in  mother,  as  corp,  a  body;  olc, 
evil. 

Ú  long  sounds  like  u  in  rule,  as  úr,  jresh;  cúl,  //^  í^ízí:^. 
u  short  sounds  like  w  in  put,  as  ucht,  //^e  breast;  ursa, 

Examples 

dó,  /Tí'í?;  do, 

fós,  yet,  also;  fos,  i^a//,  a  pop. 


12  FIRST  IRISH  BOOK 

ionánn,  jity  able;  ionann,  equals  alike. 

mála,  a  hag;  mala,  an  eyebrow. 

sin,  weather;  sin,  that,  those. 

lón,  jood,  provisions;  Ion,  a  blackbird, 

súil,  an  eye;  suil,  a  willow-tree. 

coiste,  a  coach;  coiste,  a  jury. 

sal,  a  heel;  sal,  jilth,  dirt. 

té,  a  person;  te,  /^í?/,  warm. 

léar,  cfear;  lear,  //^^  sea. 

tásg,  a  report,  rumor;  tasg,  a  /a^^. 

The  Consonants 

The  consonants  are  divided  into  two  classes: 

1  The  liquids:  /,  w,  n,  r. 

2  The  mutes:  b,  c,  d,  /,  g,  p,  s,  t. 

A  consonant  is  said  to  have  a  broad  or  a  slender 
sound  according  to  the  nature  of  the  vowel  which 
precedes  or  follows  it. 

If  a  consonant  or  any  combination  of  consonants 
comes  between  two  vowels,  both  the  vowels  must  be 
slender,  or  else  both  must  be  broad;  thus  in  solal, 
light,  the  0  and  the  a  are  both  broad  vowels ;  and  in 
tinneas,  sickness,  the  i  and  the  e  are  both  slender 
vowels. 

We  should  not  write  slat  in,  but  slaitin,  a  twig,  a 
little  stick. 

We  should  not  write  solis,  because  the  o  and  the  i 
are  one  of  them  broad  and  the  other  slender. 

We  should  not  write  fearin,  but  firin;  not  malin, 
but  máilin. 


FIRST  IRTSIÍ  BOOK 


13 


When  mór,  great,  is  prefixed  to  cion,  love,  the  com- 
pound is  not  moirchion,  but  moirchion,  greatlove. 

This  rule  is  called  Caol  le  caol  agus  leathan  Ic 
leathan:  ''Slender  with  slender  and  broad  with 
broad." 

In  modern  Irish  orthography  only  three  of  the 
consonants,  viz.,  the  liquids  /,  n,  r,  may  be  doubled. 
This  doubling  can  take  place  only  at  the  end  or  the 
middle  of  words,  but  never  at  the  beginning,  as 
fearr,  better. 

Sounds  of  the  Consonants 
B 

B,  broad  and  slender,  is  pronounced  like  b  in  ban. 
Ex.    ball,  a  limb;  bárr,  the  top;  bád,  a  boat;  bach, 

drunkenness. 

C 

C,  broad,  is  pronounced  like  c  in  coal. 

Ex.    cu,  a  dog;  cailin,  a  girl;  cuir,  put,  place;  cúl, 
the  back. 

C,  slender,  is  pronounced  like  k  in  king. 

Ex.    cé,  who,  which,  what;  cinn,  head;  ciall,  intel- 
lect, reason. 

D 

D,  broad,  is  pronounced  like  th  in  those. 

Ex.    dall,  blind,  dull;  dún,  a  fortress;  donn,  brown. 


14 


FIRST  IRISH  BOOK 


D,  slender,  is  pronounced  like  d  in  cordial. 

Ex.    dian,  intense,  severe;  dileas,  loyal;  Dia,  God. 

Note  The  correct  sounds  of  broad  and  slender,  can  only 
be  learned  by  ear.  The  Irish  d  is  produced  by  placing  the  top 
of  the  tongue  against  the  upper  front  teeth.  It  is  not  so  sibilant 
as  y,  nor  so  hard  as  d. 

F 

F,  broad  and  slender,  is  pronounced  like  /  in  jail  or 

jan. 

Ex.    fear,  a  man;  fag,  a  wave;  fior,  honest,  jaithful. 

G 

G,  broad,  is  pronounced  like  g  in  got. 

Ex.    gorm,  blue;  gall,  a  foreigner;  galar,  disease. 
G,  slender,  is  always  hard,  like  g  in  give. 
Ex.    géis,  a  tribute;  géar,  sharp,  sour;  guirt,  salt, 
bitter, 

L 

L,  broad,  is  pronounced  like  /  in  law. 

Ex.    lón,  provision;  lámh,  a  hand;  lub,  a  loop. 

L,  slender,  is  sounded  more  liquid  than  /  in  valiant, 

or  the  //  in  million. 
Ex.    leanbh,  a  child;  mil,  honey;  file,  a  poet,  a 

professor. 

Note  This  letter  can  only  be  learned  by  ear,  as  it  has  no 
equivalent  in  English,  particularly  the  //,  as  in  eallach,  cattle; 
balla,  a  wall. 


FIRST  IRISH  BOOK  15 

M 

M,  broad  and  slender,  is  pronounced  like  m  in  mill. 
Ex.    miotog,  a  bit,  a  pinch;  mire,  madness,  jury; 
moin,  a  mountain. 

N 

N,  broad,  is  pronounced  like  n  in  no.  It  has  a  broad, 
thick  sound,  which  does  not  exist  in  English. 

Ex.  nós,  a  custom,  a  habit;  náire,  shame;  bean,  a 
woman. 

N,  slender,  is  pronounced  like  n  in  new. 

Ex.    nead,  a  nest;  neart,  strength;  muin,  ^/^e  neck. 

P 

P,  broad  and  slender,  is  pronounced  like  p  in  pore, 
Ex.    port,  a  bank;  putog,  a  pudding;  pian,  ^am, 
punishment. 

R 

R,  broad,  is  pronounced  like  r  in  road. 
Ex.    rod,  a  ^a^/^,  a  road;  ráth,  a        ruadh,  red. 
R,  slender,  is  pronounced  like  r  in  clarion,  but  more 
liquid. 

E:x;.    coir,  just;  beir,  aire,  care,  heed,  attention. 

S 

S,  broad,  is  pronounced  like  s  in  son. 


i6  FIRST  IRISH  BOOK 

Ex.    sona,  fortunate,  happy;  solas,  light,  knowledge; 

seilbh,  possession. 
S,  slender,  is  pronounced  like  sh  in  she. 
Ex.    sliahh,  a  mountain;  sin,  weather;  mis,  an  island, 

a  river  bank. 

S,  slender,  when  followed  by  the  labials  b,  m,  p,  or  r, 

is  pronounced  like  í  in  English. 
Ex.   smeig,  the  chin;  spéir,  the  sky;  srian,  a  bridle. 

T 

T,  broad,  is  pronounced  like  th  in  thaw,  and  is  pro- 
duced by  striking  the  tip  and  edges  of  the  tongue 
against  the  upper  front  teeth. 

Ex.  torn,  a  bush,  a  grove;  tonn,  a  wave;  torann, 
sound,  report,  noise. 

T,  slender,  is  pronounced  like  /  in  courteous. 

Ex.    teine,  'jire;  tirim,  dry;  tiugh,  thick,  close,  solid. 

Diphthongs 

A  diphthong  is  the  union  of  two  vowels  in  one  sound, 
yet  each  vowel  is  pronounced  and  influences  the 
proximate  consonant. 

There  are  thirteen  diphthongs  in  the  Irish 
language,  viz.,  ae,  ao,  eu,  ia,  ua,  ai,  ea,  ei,  eo,  io, 
iu,  oi,  ui. 

Of  these,  ae,  ao,  eu,  ia,  ua,  and  eo  are  always  long, 
and  requires  no  accent;  the  others  are  sometimes 
long  and  sometimes  short. 


first  irish  book  17 
Sounds  of  the  Long  Diphthongs 

ae  is  pronounced  like  ay  in  slay;  as  aer,  air;  laethe, 
days. 

ao  is  pronounced  like  ea  in  heart,  but  shorter;  as 

daor,  dear;  aol,  lime. 
ua  is  pronounced  like  ue  in  cruel;  as  fuar,  cold;  cuan, 

a  haven,  a  harbor. 
eo  is  pronounced  like  eo  in  yeoman;  as  ceol,  music; 

seol,  a  5ai/. 

ia  is  pronounced  like  ea  in  i/^ar;  as  iasc,  a  fish;  Dia, 
God. 

eu  is  pronounced  like  ai  in  lair;  sgeul,  a  story;  feur, 

The  variable  diphthongs  are  said  to  be  long  when 
one  of  the  vowels  of  which  it  is  composed  takes  a 
full,  long  sound,  and  the  other  vowel  is  but  slightly 
pronounced. 

Sounds  of  the  Variable  Diphthongs  w^hen 

Long 

ai  is  pronounced  like  awi  in  drawing;  as  scáil,  a 

shadow;  cáin,  tribute. 
eá  is  pronounced  like  ea  in  bear;  as  caisleán,  a  castle; 

méar,  a  finger. 
éi  is  pronounced  like  ei  in  feign;  as  léim,  a  leap; 

péire,  a  pair. 

Í0  is  pronounced  like  e  in  me;  as  fion,  wifie;  miosa, 
a  month. 


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FIRST  IRISH  BOOK 


iú  is  pronounced  like  ew  in  jew;  as  íiú,  worthy; 

diúlaim,  to  drain  out. 
6\  is  pronounced  like  owi  in  owing;  as  coir,  rights 

justice;  mo  in,  a  hog. 
úi  is  pronounced  like  ui  in  ruin;  as  súil,  an  eye; 

dúil,  desire,  wealth. 

Triphthongs 

There  are  five  triphthongs  in  Irish,  viz.,  aoi,  eoi, 
iai,  iui,  uai.  These  are  formed  from  the  long  diph- 
thongs by  the  addition  of  i,  which  merely  lengthens 
still  more  the  sound  of  the  diphthong,  and  gives  the 
following  consonant  a  slender  sound. 

Sounds  of  the  Triphthongs 

aoi  is  pronounced  like  we  or  uee  in  queen;  as  maoin> 
wealth,  property  (pronounced  mween);  daoi,  a 
dunce;  aoibhneas,  delight,  joy,  pleasure. 

eoi  is  pronounced  like  yoi;  feoil,  flesh;  dreoilin  a 
wren. 

iai  is  pronounced  like  eei  in  seeing;  Brian,  a  man^s 

name:  liaigh,  a  physician. 
iui  is  pronounced  like  ewi  in  mewing;  the  two  t's  very 

short;  ciuin,  calin,  gentle  (pronounced  kewin); 

ciuir,  good,  perfect. 
uai  is  pronounced  like  ooi  in  cooing;  uain,  time; 

buailim,  /  strike  (pronounced  boo-il). 


CHAPTER  II 


Aspiration 

Aspiration  is  one  of  the  first  difficulties  of  the 
student  of  Irish.  Aspiration  is  a  peculiar  character- 
istic of  all  the  Celtic  dialects,  but  it  belongs  particu- 
larly to  the  Irish. 

It  is  the  softening,  and,  in  some  cases,  the  suppres- 
sion of  the  sound  of  an  initial  consonant.  It  may 
also  be  explained  as  denoting  the  action  of  the  breath, 
by  which  the  primary  sounds  of  certain  consonants 
are  changed  into  softer  related  sounds.  The  breath 
is  not  completely  stopped  in  the  formation  of  the 
consonant,  but  rather,  the  consonant  sound  is 
breathed.  For  instance,  b  in  bad  is  pronounced 
abruptly  by  forcing  out  the  breath  on  separating  the 
lips;  but  when  this  letter  is  aspirated,  we  breathe 
the  whole  time  whilst  trying  to  form  the  sound  of 
b,  so  that  we  get  a  sound  very  much  like  v,  or  some- 
times nearly  as  soft  as  w  in  wool. 

In  this  book  the  aspirate  h  is  placed  after  all  the 
consonants,  as  in  the  Scottish  dialect,  to  mark  their 
aspirated  sounds,  but  in  the  Irish  text  a  dot  is  placed 
over  the  aspirated  letter,  as  6,  c,  m,  etc. 

Nine  of  the  consonants  are  capable  of  aspiration, 

19 


20 


FIRST  IRISH  BOOK 


namely,  b,  c,  d,  f,  g,  m,  p,  s,  t;  these  are  called 
mutable  or  aspirable  consonants;  the  others  are 
called  immutable;  1,  n,  and  r  do  not  admit  of  aspir- 
ation. 

Sounds  of  Aspirated  Letters 
Bh 

Bh,  broad,  except  at  the  end  of  a  word,  sounds  like  w 

in  wool;  as  gabhal,  a  fork  (pronounced  gowal); 

gabhar,  a  goat  (pronounced  gower);  leabhar, 

a  book  (pronounced  lower). 
If  the  broad  vowel  preceding  or  following  bh  be  long, 

it  gets  the  sound  either  of  w,  or  v,  especially  v  in 

Munster. 

Bh,  slender,  that  is,  next  to  e  or  i,  is  pronounced 
exactly  like  the  English  v;  as  bhi,  was,  were 
(pronounced  vee). 

When  final,  at  the  end  of  a  word,  bh  is  also  pro- 
nounced like  v;  as  garbh  (pronounced  gon^. 

Examples 

tógbháil,  raising,  lifting,  building. 
agaibh,  at,  or  Tvith  ye. 
raibh,  was,  were. 
breac,  a  trout. 

eibhleog,  a  spark,  the  lightning  flash. 
dibh,  ojj  yon. 


FIRST  IRISH  BOOK 


91 


dibheartha,  banished,  exiled. 
díoghbháil,  harm,  injury,  damage. 

Ch 

Ch,  broad,  has  a  deep  guttural  sound,  and  corresponds 
to  the  English  k,  but  is  pronounced  without  the 
tongue  touching  the  palate.  The  gh  in  lough, 
Irish,  loch,  a  lake,  also  the  proper  name  O'Lough- 
lin,  are  examples. 

Ch,  slender,  has  a  smooth  guttural  sound  somewhgit 
like  h,  as  crioch,  a  country  (pronounced  creegh) ; 
Mícheál,  Michael  (pronounced  Meehyaul). 

Ch,  slender,  when  -final,  is  pronounced  very  faintly. 

Examples 

deoch,  a  drink, 

acht,  hut. 

bocht,  poor. 

seachrán,  astray. 

fiche,  twenty. 

luch,  a  mouse. 

bealach,  way,  road. 

chuige,  to,  jor  him,  for  the  purpose. 

Dh 

Dh,  broad,  has  a  deep  guttural  sound,  not  in  English, 
though  it  is  something  like  the  initial  y.  If  the 
English  word  augur  is  pronounced  without  allow- 
ing the  tongue  to  touch  the  back  part  of  the 


22 


FIRST  IRISH  BOOK 


mouth  it  will  nearly  express  the  sound,  as 
taráchair,  augur  (pronounced  thorachar). 
Dh,  slender,  in  the  beginning  of  words,  sounds  like 
y  in  year;  as  mo  Dhia,  my  God  (pronounced 
mu  yeea). 

Dh  in  the  middle  and  end  of  words  is  silent,  but  it 
lengthens  the  previous  vowel,  as  buidhe,  yellow ^ 
sunburnt  (pronounced  bwee) ;  croidhe,  the  heart, 
love,  affection  (pronounced  cree)  ;  fiadh,  a  deer 
(pronounced  fee-a). 

Examples 

cródha,  brave,  heroic. 

diadha,  divine,  holy,  pious. 

dhiallaid,  a  saddle. 

fáidh,  a  prophet,  a  learned  man. 

grádh,  love,  affection. 

madadh,  a  dog. 

ruadh,  red. 

suidhe,  a  session,  a  seat. 

Fh 

Fh  is  always  silent,  but  the  vowel  following  it  is 
very  forcibly  pronounced.  Thus  an  fheadóg, 
the  plover,  is  pronounced  an  addoge;  m'fhuil, 
my  blood,  is  pronounced  mwil.  Fh  is  never 
final,  and  never  occurs  in  the  middle  of  words 
except  compounds,  as  sean-fhear,  an  old  man, 
pronounced  shanar. 


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33 


Examples 

a  fhios,  his  knowledge. 
muic-fheoil,  swine,  flesh,  pork. 
fadil-fhleasc,  the  spine. 
gan  fhoghnamh,  a  useless,  idle  person, 

Gh 

Gh,  broad  and  slender,  has  precisely  the  sound  of 
dh,  broad.  In  the  middle  and  end  of  words 
gh  is  silent,  but  lengthens  the  preceding  vowel; 
thus  tighearna,  landlord,  proprietor,  is  pronounced 
tee-arna:  Corcaigh,  Cork,  is  pronounced  kurk-ee. 

Examples 

arduighim,  magnify,  exalt, 
amuigh,  outside. 
dlighe,  law. 
ghealach,  the  moon. 
oidhche-ghealaighe,  a  moonlight  night. 
úghdar,  an  authority. 
uaigh,  a  grave. 
súgh,  juice  or  sap. 

Mh 

Mh  is  very  nearly  the  same  as  bh,  viz.,  like  v  or  w, 
Mh,  broad,  in  the  beginning  of  a  word,  is  pronounced 


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in  the  south  of  Ireland  like  v;  thus,  a  mhias, 
his  dish,  is  pronounced  a  vee-as.  In  the  middle 
and  west  of  Ireland  it  is  pronounced  like  w. 

Mh  in  the  middle  of  words  becomes  a  nasal  u  or 
as  fearamhail,  manly,  is  pronounced  farooil. 

Mh,  slender,  is  always  sounded  like  v,  but  is  slightly 
nasal. 

Examples 

damhsadh,  dancing. 

lámh,  a  hand. 

meadhgamhail,  diluted. 

tamhnach,  a  green  field. 

a  mháthair,  his  mother. 

mhala,  a  brow,  eyebrow,  brow  of  a  hill. 

séimh,  mild. 

amhain,  only. 

Ph 

Ph  sounds  exactly  like  ph  or  /  in  English,  as  a  phian, 
his  pain,  pronounced  a  fee-an;  ceud-phroinn, 
breakfast  (first  meal),  pronounced  kadhe-frinn. 

Examples 

pháirc,  a  field,  a  park. 
pháiste,  a  child,  a  babe. 
phasáiste,  passage. 
phríobháid,  privacy,  secrecy. 


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mór-phian,  great  pain. 
long-phort,  a  camp. 
sean-phadhail,  an  old  cow. 
im'  phairt,  on  my  behalf. 

Sh 

Sh  sounds  like  the  English  h  in  hall;  as  a  shál,  his 
heel,  pronounced  a  haul;  mo  shúil,  my  eye, 
pronounced  mu-hoo-il. 

S  is  never  aspirated  before  h,  c,  d,  g,  m,  p,  t. 

S  is  never  aspirated  at  the  end  of  a  word,  or  in  the 
middle  of  any  words  except  compounds. 

Examples 

a  shiol,  his  posterity. 

mor  sheol,  a  mainsail. 

árd  scoil,  a  high  school,  a  college. 

shios,  below. 

shuas,  aboi'e. 

shac,  a  sack,  a  bag. 

shamhna,  All-Jmllowtide, 

scor,  a  scar,  a  cut. 

Th 

Th  sounds  also  like  the  English  h,  as  a  thoil,  his  will, 

pronounced  a  hu-il. 
Th,  when  final,  is  faintly  sounded,  except  when  the 

following  word  begins  with  a  vowel. 


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In  some  parts  of  Ireland  th  broad  is  scarcely  heard  at 
all  in  the  middle  of  words,  as  bothar,  a  road; 
pronounced  as  if  written  boar. 

Examples 

cruth,  shape  or  form. 
athair,  a  father. 
sruth,  a  stream. 
flaith,  a  prince. 
leadartha,  mangled,  torn. 
tharrac,  draw,  introduce. 
thall,  out,  beyond,  over. 
thamhuigh,  to  cause,  bring  about. 

Rules  for  Aspiration 

The  following  are  the  more  important  rules  for 
aspiration : 

Aspiration  is  used  not  only  in  forming  compound 
words,  but  also  to  point  out  the  grades  of  adjectives 
and  possessive  pronouns. 

The  possessive  pronouns  mo,  my,  do,  thy,  and 
a,  his,  aspirate  the  first  consonant  of  the  next  word ; 
as,  mo  bho,  my  cow;  do  mháthair,  thy  mother; 
a  ghort,  his  garden. 

The  article  an,  the,  causes  aspiration  of  the 
initial  consonant  of  feminine  nouns  in  the  nomina- 
tive are  accusative  cases;  as,  bean  mhór,  a  big 
woman;  an  chathair,  the  city;  an  phóg,  the  kiss. 


FIRST  IRISH  BOOK 


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This  rule  does  not  apply  to  the  letter  s,  for,  as  we 
have  seen,  the  letter  s  before  b,  c,  d,  g,  ni,  p,  /,  cannot 
be  aspirated,  as  an  speal,  the  scythe. 

The  article  causes  aspiration  of  the  initial  conso- 
nant in  the  genitive  singular  masculine;  as,  an 
ghuirt,  of  the  garden. 

In  compound  words,  the  initial  consonant  of  the 
second  word  is  aspirated,  except  when  the  second 
word  begins  with  d,  or  /,  and  the  first  ends  in  one 
of  the  letters  d,  n,  t,  I,  s.  Thus,  deagh-dhuine,  a 
good  man;  sean-bhean,  an  old  woman;  sean-teach, 
an  old  house. 

When  the  latter  part  of  the  compound  word  is  in 
the  genitive  case  no  aspiration  takes  place:  as  ceol, 
music;  iarann,  iran;  uisce,  water. 

The  interjection  a,  the  sign  of  the  vocative  case, 
causes  aspiration  in  nouns  of  both  genders  and 
both  numbers;  as  a  fhir,  O  man;  a  mhná,  O 
woman. 

ECLIPSIS 

A  consonant  is  said  to  be  eclipsed,  or  to  suffer 
eclipsis,  when  its  sound  is  suppressed,  and  the 
sound  of  another  consonant  which  is  prefixed  to  it, 
substituted.  This  owes  its  origin  to  a  desire  of 
euphony,  or  facility  of  utterance,  and  there  is  usually 
a  great  similarity  between  the  eclipsing  letter  and 
the  letter  eclipsed;  thus  p  is  eclipsed  by  h;  t  is 
eclipsed  by  á. 


28  FIRST  IRISH  BOOK 

The  following  eight  consonants  can  be  eclipsed: 
f,  g,  p,  s,  t.  The  four  liquids,  /,  w,  n,  and  r, 
cannot  be  eclipsed. 

Each  consonant  has  its  o^^Tl  eclipsing  letter,  and 
it  can  be  eclipsed  by  no  other. 

B  is  eclipsed  by  m;  as  a  m-bárd,  their  poet;  pro- 
nounced a  maurd. 

C  is  eclipsed  by  g;  as  a  g-coU,  their  hazel  tree;  pro- 
nounced a  gowl. 

D  is  eclipsed  by  n;  as  a  ndos,  //^e^r  ^z^^/z;  pro- 
nounced a  nuss. 

F  is  eclipsed  by  hh;  as  i  bh-fuil,  in  blood;  pro- 
nounced a  vwil. 

G  is  eclipsed  by  n;  as  a  n-gioUa,  their  servant;  pro- 
nounced ang  illu. 

P  is  eclipsed  by  h;  as  a  b-pian,  //^ezV  pain;  pro- 
nounced a  bee-an. 

5  is  eclipsed  by  /;  as  an  t-suil,  the  eye;  pronounced 
an  too-il. 

T  is  eclipsed  by  d;  as  a  d-tir,  their  country;  pro- 
nounced a  dheer. 

The  following  are  the  more  important  rules  for 
eclipsis : 

1  The  possessive  pronouns  plural,  ár,  our,  bhur, 
your,  a,  their,  eclipse  the  initial  consonant  of  the 
next  word,  as  ar  bh-iir,  our  men;  bhur  g-crann, 
your  tree;  bhar  g-cosa,  your  feet. 

2  Eclipsis  takes  place  in  the  genitive  plural  of 


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nouns  when  the  article  is  expressed,  as  na  bh-fear, 
of  the  men;  govt  na  g-cápall,  the  field  of  the  horses. 

3  When  a  simple  preposition  is  followed  by  the 
article  and  a  noun  in  the  singular  number,  the  initial 
consonant  of  the  noun  is  generally  eclipsed;  as 
air  an  d-talamh,  on  the  earth;  tar  an  bh-fairrge, 
over  the  sea;  ag  an  m-bain  fhéis,  at  the  wedding. 

4  The  initial  consonant  of  a  verb  is  eclipsed 
after  the  particles  a  or  an,  whether;  cá,  where;  nach, 
whether,  not,  or  that  .  .  .  not;  go,  that;  muna, 
unless;  dá,  ij;  and  after  the  relative  a,  preceded 
by  a  preposition;  as  a  m-beireann,  se?  Does  he 
bear?  An  d-tuigeann  tú?  Do  you  understand? 
Cá  bh-fuil  si?  Where  is  she?  Muna  d-tuitfir, 
unless  thou  shall  jail;  dá  n-dearfainn,  ij  I  would 
say. 

5  Nouns  beginning  with  s  are  eclipsed  by  /, 
when  the  article  is  expressed  as  follows:  feminine 
nouns  in  the  nominative,  accusative,  and  dative 
singular;  also,  masculine  nouns  in  the  genitive  and 
dative  singular;  as  an  t-saoirre  (feminine)  the  free- 
dom; an  t-saoghail  {masculine),  of  the  world. 

6  In  every  place  where  the  initial  consonant  is 
eclipsed,  an  initial  vowel  takes  as  ar  n-arán,  our 
bread;  bhur  n-obair,  your  work. 

7  The  cardinal  numbers  seacht,  seven;  ocht, 
eight;  naoi,  nine;  and  deich,  ten;  cause  eclipsis 
of  nouns  following  them,  except  when  the  noun 
begins  with  s;  as  seacht  m-bliadhna,  seven  years. 

Particles  which  would  neither  aspirate  nor  eclipse, 


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and  which  end  in  a  vowel,  prefix  h  to  words  begin- 
ning with  a  vowel,  as  le  h-Iosa,  with  Jesus. 

This  is  entirely  regulated  by  euphony  and  is  not 
always  subject  to  grammatical  rules. 

Syncope 

Syncope  is  the  omission  of  one  or  more  letters 
from  the  body  of  a  word. 

When  a  short  (unaccented)  vowel  or  diphthong 
occurs  between  a  liquid  (/,  m,  n,  r,)  and  any  other 
consonant,  or  between  two  liquids,  the  unaccented 
vowel  or  diphthong  is  elided  when  it  is  lengthened 
either  by  grammatical  inflection  or  otherwise.  The 
syncope  generally  consists  in  the  omission  of  the 
short  vowel,  but  it  also  often  involves  slight  changes 
in  other  vowels  in  accordance  with  the  rule,  ^'Slender 
with  slender  and  broad  with  broad." 

Note  The  student  is  referred  to  the  grammar  for  more 
definite  rules  regarding  syncope. 

The  following  examples  exemplify  the  method 
of  syncopating  words.  The  genitive  singular  of 
cathair,  a  city,  is  cathrach;  not  catharach.  The 
genitive  singular  feminine  of  áluinn,  beautiful,  is 
áilne;  not  áluinne.  From  the  root  labhair,  the 
present  indicative  is  labhraim,  /  speak;  not  lab- 
hairim. 


CHAPTER  III 


Irish  Pronunciation 

It  is  very  difficult  to  acquire  a  correct  pronuncia- 
tion without  a  teacher.  The  rational  way  to  acquire 
the  sounds  of  a  new  language  is  by  systematic  drill 
upon  exercises  drawn  up  in  accordance  with  pho- 
netic laws.  The  Irish  language  is  spelled  much 
more  phonetically  than  the  English,  in  fact  it  is 
almost  strictly  phonetic.  It  is,  therefore,  difficult 
to  reduce  Irish  to  English  phonetics  which,  practi- 
cally, do  not  exist. 

To  acquire  a  correct  pronunciation  of  Irish,  the 
motion  of  the  lips  should  be  restricted,  and  the 
motion  of  the  tongue  developed. 

The  following  system  of  pronunciation  illustrates 
the  long  and  short  vowels  (i  to  6),  diphthongs  (7  to 
13),  aspirated  consonants  (14  to  26),  broad  and 
slender  consonants  (27  to  33),  certain  combination 
of  consonants  (34  to  37),  and  eclipsed  consonants 
(38  to  41). 

Note  This  table  originates  with  the  Celtic  Association, 
and  has  been  recorded  on  phonographic  cyUnders,  which 
will  prove  very  useful  to  the  pupil  who  wishes  to  acquire  a 
correct  pronunciation,  and  has  not  the  aid  of  a  teacher. 

The  words  are  so  carefully  chosen  that  whoever 

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can  read  them  all  correctly  can  read  practically 
the  Irish  language. 

Words  are  often  differently  pronounced  in  Ulster, 
]Munster,  and  Connaught.  Thus  ceann  is  pro- 
nounced k-yen  in  Ulster:  k-yown  in  Munster; 
and  k-yann  in  Connaught.  The  Connaught  pro- 
nunciation is  generally  regarded  as  the  standard. 

1  Lá,  fál,  slán;  lag,  fan,  glas.  La,  fan!,  slaun; 
log,  fon,  gloss. 

2  Or,  mor,  brog;  do,  mol,  gort.  Ohr,  mohr, 
brohg;  du,  mul,  gurt. 

3  CÚ,  dún,  glún;  muc,  rud,  ursa.  Kooh,  doohn, 
gloohn;  niook,  rood,  oorssu. 

4  Mé,  sé,  cré;  te,  le.    Meh,  shell,  creh;  cite,  le. 

5  Si,  tir,  min;  im,  min,  tinn.  Shee,  cheer, 
nveen;  im,  min,  chin. 

6  Mála,  dúnta,  tobar,  agus,  firinne.  Maulu, 
doohntu,  tubur,  ogus,  feerinyu. 

7  Céim,  éire;  díol,  síoda;  céad,  déanta.  Kehm, 
eiru,  jeel,  slieedu,  kelvd,  jehntu. 

8  Aer;  feur,  sgeul;  aol,braon.  Eir,  feir,  shgehl; 
ael,  braen. 

9  Dia,  iasg;  cuan,  suas;  beo,  ceol;  fiú.  Jeeu, 
eeusg;  cooun,  soous;  byoh,  kyohl;  jeooh. 

10  Saoi,  aois;  biail,  Briain;  feoil,  beoir;  ciúin. 
See,  eesh;  beeil,  breein;  jyohl,  byohr,  kyoohn. 

11  Tais,  caillte;  bean,  geal;  leis,  creid.  Tash, 
kalchu;  ban,  gyal;  lesh,  crej. 

12  Coir,  gloine;  duit,  uisge;  fios,  crios.  Kur^ 
glunu;  dich,  ishgu;  fiss,  criss. 


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33 


13  Bainne,  sonais;  diarmuid,  muintir;  Horn. 
Banyu,  siinish;  jeermuij,  mwinchir,  lyiim. 

14  Bhi,  do  bhean;  dubh,  garbh.  Vee,  du  van; 
doov,  gorriiv. 

15  Abhaile,  ubhall.    Awalu,  ooul. 

16  Fiche,  deich,  mo  cheann;  acht,  amach.  Ficu 
jeCy  mu  can;  ac'h;  amoc'h. 

17  Dhia,  dhibirt;  dhéan,  dheatach.  Yeeu,  yee- 
birch;  yein,  yatac^h. 

18  Dhoras,  a  dhuine,  a  dhaoine,  mo  dhruim. 
G'horus,  a  g'hinu,  a  g'heenu,  mu  g'hrim. 

19  Ghiall,  ghealach,  do  ghé.  Yeel,  yalac^hj 
du  yei. 

20  A  ghort,  a  ghuth;  a  gháire.  A  g^hurt,  a 
g'huh;  a  g'hauru. 

21  Crudh,  ruadh,  eulodh,  réidh;  breagh,  sighle. 
Cruh,  rooii,  aeloh,  rei;  brah,  sheelu. 

22  x\dharc,  gadhar,  aghaidh;  oidhche,  cruaidh. 
Aiark,  gaiur,  aiee;  eecu,  crooee. 

23  Fhear,  an-fhada ;  a  pháiside,  mo  phian.  Ahr^ 
an-adii;  a  phaushju,  mu  pheeun. 

24  A  mhic,  go  deimliin ;  cuimhne,  lamh,  Gaillimh. 
A  vik,  gu  jevin;  Kivnyu,  laiiv,  galyiv. 

25  a^>Io  mhac,  a  mhuc,  romhat,  cumhachtach, 
Mu  wok,  a  wook;  rohf,  koohc'htac'h. 

26  Mo  shál,  a  sheomra;  mo  thir,  do  thobar,  mo 
theine;  imthigh.  Mu  haid,  a  hyohmm,  mu  heer, 
du  hubur,  7nu  Jtenu,  imhee. 

27  Bo,  bi;  cáil,  cill;  doras,  deas;  goile,  gile. 
Boh  J  bee;  kauil,  kil;  dor  us ,  jass,  gulu,  gilu. 


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28  Lag,  laoi,  liath,  balla,  giolla,  file,  fillidh. 
Llog^  ll(w)ee,  leeug,  bollu,  gillu,  filu,  filyee. 

29  NÓS,  naoi,  neach,  ni,  neoinin.  Nohss,  n{w)ee, 
nyac^hj  nyee,  nyohnyeen. 

30  Sonas,  suim;  sonais,  seacht,  sionnach.  Sunus, 
s{w)im;  sunish,  shac^ht,  shunac^h. 

31  Tais,  toil,  túirne;  tirim,  teine.  Tash,tel{tul)^ 
toohrnyu;  chirim,  chenu. 

32  Ráth,  réir,  ris,  roth,  rún.  Rau,  reir,  risk, 
ro,  roohn. 

33  Paidir,  Peadar;  baile,  faire,  fuil.  P(w)ajir, 
padur;  b(w)alu,  f(w)aru,  fwil. 

34  Alba,  dealg,  colm,  balbh;  mná,  mnaoi.  Al- 
lubUj  jallug,  kullum,  holluv;  munau\  munee\ 

35  Donnchadh,  ainm,  banbh;  borb,  fearg,  air- 
gead,  orm,  dorn,  garbh,  dorcha.  Dunuc^hooh^  an- 
yum,  honuv;  burub,  farug,  arugud,  urum,  durun, 
goruv,  duruc'hu. 

36  Cnoc,  cneas,  gno,  gniomh.  Kunuk\  kunyan\ 
gunoh\  guneeuv. 

37  Fodla,  codla,  ceudna,  maidne,  áilne,  ande, 
gránda,  teanga.  Fohllu,  kullu,  keinu,  m{w)anyu, 
auilyu,  anyeh. 

38  A  mbás,  ár  mbealach;  a  bróca,  ár  bpian. 
A  mausSy  ahr  malac^h;  a  bohku,  ahr  beeun. 

39  A  ndoras,  a  ndibirt;  a  dtúirne,  ár  dtir.  A 
nurusSy  a  nyeebirch;  a  doohrnyu,  ahr  jeer. 

40  A  igort,  a  ngiolla;  a  gcás,  a  gcios.  Angurf, 
angillu;  a  gauss,  a  geess. 

41  A  bhfáilte,  a  bhfios;  an  tsáile,  an  tsil.  A 
waulchu,  a  viss;  an  taulyu,  an  cheel. 


PART  II 


ETYMOLOGY 


The  Article 


The  Irish  language  has  but  one  article,  an,  which 
has  the  same  meaning  as  the  English  definite  article 
the^  as  an  fear,  the  man;  an  bheah,  the  woman. 

There  is  no  indefinite  article,  so  that  cápall  means 
either  "horse"  or  "a  horse";  bo  means  ''cow"  or 
''a  cow." 

The  article  changes  its  form  according  to  number, 
gender,  and  case.  In  all  cases  of  the  singular 
number  the  article  has  the  form  of  an,  except  the 
genitive  feminine,  when  it  becomes  na. 

In  all  the  cases  of  the  plural  in  both  genders  it  is 
always  na.  The  article  produces  certain  changes 
in  the  initial  letters  of  nouns,  for  which  see  the 
Grammar. 


Declension  of  the  Article 
Singular 


Nominative  and  Accusative, 

Gentive 

Dative 


mas.  fem. 
an,    an,  the. 


an,  na,  0}  the. 
an,    an,  the. 

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FIRST  IRISH  BOOK 


Plural 


mas.  and  }em. 


Nominative  and  Accusative 

Genitive 

Dative 


na,  the. 
na,  of  the. 
na,  the. 


Examples 


an  bás,  death  in  general. 
talamh  na  Héireann,  the  land  of  Ireland. 
an  fear  céadna,  the  same  man;  the  very  man, 
mar  an  gcéadna,  likewise;  in  like  manner. 
an  phroinn,  the  dinner. 


There  are  six  kinds  of  pronouns  in  Irish:  Per- 
sonal, Possessive,  Relative,  Demonstrative,  Inter- 
rogative, and  Indefinite. 


There  are  four  personal  pronouns  :  mé,  /;  tu, 
thou  or  you;  sé,  he,  it;  and  si,  she,  it. 
They  are  declined  as  follows: 


Pronouns 


I    Personal  Pronouns 


Mé,  /,  me. 


Singular 


Nam.  mé,  /. 

Dat.    dom,  dam,  to  me. 

Acc.    mé,  me. 


FIRST  IRISH  BOOK  37 

Plural 

Nom,  sinn,  we. 
Dat.    duinn,  to  us, 
Acc.    inn  or  sinn,  us. 

TÚ,  thou,  you. 

Singular 

Nom.  tú,  thou,  you. 
Dat.    duit,  to  the,  to  you, 
Acc.    thú,  thee,  you. 

Plural 

Nom.  sibh,  you,  ye. 

Dat.    dibh,  daoibh,  to  you, 

Acc.    sibh,  you,  ye. 

TÚ  {emphatic) 

Singular 

Nom.  tusa,  thou,  you. 
Dat.    duitse,  to  thee. 
Acc.    thusa,  thee,  you. 

Plural 

Nom.  sibhse,  you,  ye,  yourselves. 
Dat.    sibhse,  to  you. 
Acc,    sibhse,  you. 


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TÚ  (reflexive) 
Singular 

Nom.  tú-fhéin,  tJtou,  thyself. 
Dat.    duit-fhéin,  to  thyselj, 
Acc.    thú-fhéin,  thyself. 

Plural 

Nom.  sibh-fhéin,  you,  yourselves, 
Dat.    síbh-fhéin,  to  yourselves. 
Acc.    sibh-fhéin,  yourselves. 

Sé,  he,  it. 

Singular 

Nom.  sé,  he,  it. 
Dat.    do,  to  him. 
Acc.    é,  him. 

Plural 

Nom.  siad,  they. 

Dat.    doibh,  daobhtha,  to  them. 

Acc.    iad,  thetn. 

Sé  (reflexive) 

Singular 

Nom.  sé-fhein,  he  himself. 
Dat.  dó-fhéin,  to  himself. 
Acc.    é-fhéin,  himself. 


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39 


Plural 

Nom.  siad-fhéin,  they  themselves. 
Dat.    daobhtha-fhein,  to  themselves. 
Acc.    iad-fhéin,  themselves. 

Si,  she. 

Singular 

Nom.  si,  she^  it. 

Dat.    duithe,  oi,  to  her. 

Acc.    Í,  her,  it. 

Plural 

Nom.  siad,  they. 
Dat.    daobh,  to  them, 
Acc.    iad,  them. 

Si,  {emphatic) 

Singular 

Nom.  sise,  she,  it, 
Dat.    duithese,  to  her. 
Acc,    ise,  her,  it. 

Plural 

Nom.  siadsan,  they. 

Dat.    daobhthasan,  to  them, 

Acc.    iadsan,  them. 


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Si,  (reflexive) 

Singular 

Nom.  si-fhéin,  she,  herself. 
Dat.    duithe-fhéin,  to  herself, 
Acc.    í-fhéin,  herself. 

Plural 

Nom.  siad-fhéin,  they  themselves. 
Dat.    daobhtha-fhéin,  to  themselves. 
Acc.    íad-fhéin,  themselves. 

The  word  fhéin,  self,  is  postfixed  to  these  personal 
pronouns  for  the  sake  of  emphasis. 

Examples 

An  mé  a  bhi,  ann  ?    Was  it  I  that  was  in  it? 

Thainig  sé  dom  bhualadh,  He  came  to  strike  me. 

NÍ  sinn,  We  are  not. 

Ar  Ó1  tú?    Did  you  drink? 

Go  dé  mar  tá  sibh?    How  are  you? 

Go  soirbhighioh  Dia  dhuit,  May  God  prosper  {all 

good  care  for)  you. 
An    tusa,  Brian  O'Domhnaill,  And   you,  Brian 

O^Dofinell. 

Más  maith  na  leagha  sibh,  ar  éisíon.    //  ye  are  the 

good  physicians,  says  he. 
An  tú-fhéin  atá  ann?    Is  it  yourself  that  is  in  it? 
Léim  sé  thar  an  mballa,  He  leaped  over  the  wall. 


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Deun  sin  do,  Do  that  for  him. 

Bhi  siad,  They  were. 

Is  maith  an  fear  é,  He  is  a  good  man. 

Is  mor  na  daoine  iad,  They  are  great  7nen. 

Cha  d-tiocfadh  si,  She  would  not  coim. 

Ith  é  sin  duit  féin,  Eat  tJiut  for  your  set},  eat  an. 

Ar  dteach  féin,  Our  awn  house. 

Note  Fein  when  placed  after  pronouns  is  usually  as- 
pirated, as  if  it  formed  a  compound  word  with  the  pronoun, 
as  mé-fhéin,  instead  of  mé  féin. 

Possessive  Pronouns 

The  possessive  pronouns  are  mo,  my;  do,  thy; 
a,  his,  or  Iters;  ár,  ours;  bhar,  yours;  a,  theirs. 

These  pronouns  can  never  stand  alone,  like  the 
English  mine,  thine,  etc.,  but  must  be  used  with  the 
aid  of  a  noun,  and  when  emphatic,  the  particle 
sa  comes  after  the  noun.  For  instance,  we  cannot 
say,  "this  is  mine;"  is  é  so  mo-sa,  but  the  noun 
must  be  expressed,  as  is  é  so  mo  leabhar-sa,  "this 
is  my  book." 

The  word  féin,  selj,  is  postfixed  to  the  possessive 
as  well  as  to  the  personal  pronouns,  for  emphasis: 
as  mé  féin,  /  my  self;  it  also  means  awn  when  used 
with  a  possessive  pronoun,  as  mo  chapall  mor  fhéin, 
my  awn  big  horse. 

Examples 

mo  lámh-sa  féin,  mine  own  hand. 

do  choiste  agus  do  chapaill,  thy  coach  a)td  thy  horses. 


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ar  g-coisde  agus  ar  g-capaill,  our  coach  and  our  horses. 
bhar  m-ba,  your  cows. 
a  n-athair,  their  father. 

Relative  Pronouns 

There  are  three  relative  pronouns  in  Irish:  a, 
who,  which,  that;  noch,  who,  which,  that;  nach, 
which,  not. 

Dá  sometimes  signifies  who,  which,  however; 
sometimes  of  which,  of  what,  as  da  aoirde  é,  how- 
ever great  his  {or  its)  height. 

The  relative  a  has  sometimes  the  sense  of  all 
which,  or  all  that;  as,  a  bhfuil  ó  Chorcaigh  go  Gail- 
limh,  all  that  is  from  Cork  to  Galway. 

The  relative  pronouns  are  not  declined. 

Examples 

An  fear  a  bhuailim,  The  man  whom  I  strike. 

An  liaigh  noch  a  deir  go  bh-fuil  tú  slán,  The  physi- 
cian who  says  that  you  are  well. 

An  fear  nach  n-itheann  arán,  The  man  who  does  not 
eat  bread. 

Na  daoine  a  bhuailfidh  sé,  The  people  whom  he  will 
strike. 

Demonstrative  Pronouns 

The  demonstrative  pronouns  are  so,  or  seo,  this; 
sin,  that;  and  súd,  that,  you,  yonder. 


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They  are  indeclinable,  and  the  same  in  both 
numbers. 

When  the  English  words  this  and  that  are  equiva- 
lent to  this  one  and  that  one,  é  seo,  or  es,  é  sin  and 
é  súd  are  used,  as  is  é  seo  an  ri,  this  is  the  king;  tóg 
é  sin,  lijt  that. 

Examples 

an  fear  so,  this  man. 

na  mná  sin,  those  women. 

tá  sud  caithte,  yonder  thing  is  used. 

a  chlann  súd,  his  children. 

Interrogative  Pronouns 

The  interrogative  pronouns  are:  cia  or  cé,  who, 
which;  cad,  creud,  or  caidé,  what;  cé  or  ceurd, 
what;  cia  leis,  whose;  cia  aca  (cioca),  which  of 
them. 

All  these  come  first  in  the  sentence.  In  Irish 
we  do  not  say,  ''With  whom  (is)  the  book?"  but 
''Who  with  him  (is)  the  book?" 

Examples 

Cé  thu-fhein?    Who  are  you? 
Cia  leis  thú?    Who  owns  you?    Whose  son  are 
you? 

Cad  atá  agat?    What  have  you? 
Caidé  an  rud  é  sin  ?    What  is  that? 


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Cia  leis  é  so  ?    Whose  is  this? 


Which  of  them  is  the  better? 


Indefinite  Pronouns 


The  following  are  the  principal  indefinite  pro- 
nouns : 


Gach  uile  and  gach  aon  are  usually  pronounced 
a  chuile  and  achan. 

Ceachtar  with  a  negative  verb  is  equivalent  to 
neither,  as,  Ni  fhuil  ceachtar  aca  agam,  /  have  neither 
oj  them. 

The  indefinite  pronouns  are  not  declined,  with 
the  exception  of  cách,  which  becomes  cáich  in  the 
genitive  singular,  as  a  bh-fiadh-naise  cáich,  in  the 
presence  oj  all. 


aon,  one,  single. 
éigin,  some,  certain. 
eile,  oile,  other. 
cách,  all,  every  one. 


ceachtar,  either. 
uile,  uilig,  all. 
a  chéile,  each  other. 
an  té,  an  ti,  the  person  who. 
cia  b'é,  cibé,  gibé,  whoever. 
air  bith,  ar  bith,  any. 
aoinneach  (aoin'ne),  any- 


gach,  each,  every. 
gach  uile,  every. 
gach  aon,  every. 


body. 


Examples 


NÍ-1  agam  acht  aon  scilling,  /  Jiave  but  a  single 

shilling. 
ar  chuma  éigin,  in  some  way. 


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45 


an  la  eile,  the  other  day. 

nach  truagh  le  cách  a  haicid,  tJiat  no  one  pities  Iter 

misjortune. 
gach  re  lá,  every  other  day. 
gach  uile  nidh,  everything. 
uile  dhoibh,  to  them  all. 

o'n  tseachtmhain  go  chéile,  jrom  one  week  to  another. 
cibé  fear  a  thiocfas,  whatever  man  comes. 
cia  ar  bith?  who  at  all? 

x\n  dtáinig  aoinneach  annso?   Did  anyone  come 
here? 

Adjectives 

Adjectives,  like  pronouns  and  participles,  agree, 
with  a  few  exceptions,  with  the  noun  in  gender, 
number,  and  case,  as  fear  mor  agus  bean  bheag, 
a  big  man  and  a  small  woman.  Adjectives  are 
declined  in  much  the  same  manner  as  nouns.  There 
are,  as  well  as  in  all  languages,  three  degrees  of 
comparison,  the  positive,  the  comparative,  and 
the  superlative. 

The  comparative  of  superiority  and  inferiority 
is  formed  by  putting  nios  before  the  genitive  singu- 
lar feminine  of  the  positive,  as  cat  nios  báine,  a  white 
cat;  that  is,  cat  nidh  a  is  báine  is  equivalent  to 
a  cat  a  thing  which  is  whiter. 

With  the  verb  is,  the  comparative  sign  nios  is  not 
used,  except  when  the  comparative  qualifies  a  noun, 
as,  is  cailin  nios  duibhe  Nora,  Nora  is  a  darker  girl. 


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Examples 

Is  gile  sneachta  ná  bainne,  Snow  is  whiter  than  milk. 
Is  duibhe  Una  ná  ISIáire,  Una  is  darker  than  Mary. 
Is  gile  an  ghrian  ná  an  ghealach,  The  sun  is  brighter 
than  the  moon. 

The  signification  of  the  adjective  is  heightened 
by  various  particles  prefixed,  as: 

an,  very 

flor  (or  fir),  very  or  truly  {as  truly  good). 
glé,  pure  {as  piire  white). 
ro,  too,  excessively 
sár,  exceedingly. 

úr,  very  { in  a  depreciating  sense). 
maith,  good. 
an-mhaith,  very  good. 
fior-mhaith,  truly  good. 
ro-fhuar,  too  cold. 
sár  the,  excessively  hot  {warm). 
ulr-lsiol,  very  low. 
úr-ghránda,  very  ugly. 

All  the  above  particles  cause  aspiration. 

The  preposition,  de,  of  it,  is  often  annexed  to  the 
comparative  form  of  the  adjective,  as,  ni  misde 
(measa  +  de)  thú  sin,  you  are  not  the  worst  of  that. 

Examples 
gilide,  the  whiter  of. 
siaide,  the  longer  of. 
ferrde,  the  better  of. 


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47 


Adjectives  ending  in  a  slender  consonant  form 
the  plural  by  adding  e,  as: 

bean  mhaith,  a  good  woman;  mná  maithe,  good 
women. 

áit   fholláin,   a  healthy  place;  áiteacha  foUaine, 
healthy  places. 


The  possessive  adjectives  stand  alone,  and  can- 
not be  used  without  the  aid  of  a  noun,  and,  when 
emphatic,  the  particle,  sa,  comes  after  the  noun. 


Irregular  Comparatives 


Comparatives 


beag,  little. 

mor,  large. 

fada,  long. 

fada,  long. 

geárr,  short. 

maith,  good. 

olc,  bad. 

iomdha,  many. 

furusa,  easy. 

te,  hot. 

treun,  strong 

gránna,  hateful^  "^^gly- 

gar,  near. 

árd,  high. 


lugha,  less. 
mo,  larger,  more. 
faide,  longer. 
sia,  longer. 
giorra,  shorter. 
seárr,  better. 
measa,  worse. 
mo,  lia,  more. 
fusa,  easier. 
teo,  hotter. 

treise,  tréine,  stronger. 
gráinne,  uglier. 
goire,  nearer. 
áirde,  aoirde,  higher. 


The  Possessive  Adjectives 


48  FIRST  IRISH  BOOK 

The  possessive  adjectives  are  as  follows: 
Singular  Plural 

mo,  my.  ár,  our. 

do,  thy.  bhur  (or  bhar)  your. 

a,  his  or  her.  a,  their. 

A,  a,  /^er,  and  a  //^efr,  are  easily  distin- 
guished by  their  initial  changes  in  the  following 
words,  as: 

a,  his,  aspirates;  a  bho,  his  cow.  1  b  c  d  f 
a,  her,  does  not ;  a  bo,  her  cow.  (  t  ' 
a,  their,  eclipses;     a  m-bo,  their  cow.  J 

a,  te,  no  change;    a  anam,  /^i^  soul  | 

a,  /^r,  takes  h;       a  h-anam,  /^er  5í?í^/.    V  vowels. 

a,  //^eir,  takes  n ;     a  n-anam,  //^ezV  J 

a,  tó,  aspirates;      a  sháith,  his  fill.  1 

a,  her,  no  change;   a  sáith,  her  fill.    >  s  and  m. 

a,  //^efr,  no  change ;  a  sáith,  their  fill.  ) 

a,  /^ií,  no  change;    a  náire.l 

a,  A^r,  no  change;   a  náire.  V  1,  n,  r. 

a,  i/jeir,  no  change;  a  náire.  J 

The  0  of  mo  and  do  is  elided  whenever  they  are 
followed  by  a  word  beginning  with  the  vowel  or  }h, 
as: 

d'athair,  thy  father. 

m'athair  agus  m'fhear,  my  father  and  my  husband. 


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49 


When  a  simple  preposition  ending  in  a  vowel  comes 
before  the  possessive  adjective;  a,  his^  her,  their,  or 
ar,  our,  n  must  be  inserted  between  them,  as: 
le  n-a  n  grádh,  or,  le  na  n-grádh,  with  their  love. 

Nouns  with  Adjectives 

An  adjective  in  Irish  generally  follows  the  noun. 

árd  tighearna,  a  sovereign  lord. 

árd  réim,  supreme  power,  chief  power, 

arán  geal,  white  bread. 

bád  caol,  a  narrow  boat. 

bas  obann,  sudden  death. 

bean  tinn,  a  sick  women. 

bean  uasal,  a  lady. 

cailin  deas,  a  pretty  girl. 

cara  dil,  a  dear  friend. 

capall  láidir,  a  strong  horse, 

cuan  socair,  a  safe  harbor. 

daor  óglách,  a  bond  slave. 

doras  daingean,  a  firm  door. 

duinne  uasal,  a  gentleman. 

ean  gorm,  a  blue  bird. 

fior  uisge,  spring  water, 

feor  úr,  fresh  grass. 

focal  borb,  a  violent  word. 

gaireh  shion,  rough  weather. 

gaol  og,  a  young  relation. 

iasg  folláin,  wholesome  fish, 

lá  fada,  a  long  day. 


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léim  árd,  a  high  leap. 

long  láidir,  a  strong  ship. 

maidin  áluinn,  a  beautiful  morning, 

mil  úr,  jresh  honey. 

muinntir  iosal,  low  people. 

nuadh  dhuine,  a  fresh  person;  an  upstart. 

nos  olc,  a  bad  habit. 

neul  soilléir,  a  bright  cloud. 

páistín  fionn,  a  fair  child, 

ros  dearg,  a  red  rose. 

rud  beag,  a  little  thing. 

sean  athair,  a  grandfather. 

sean  mháthair,  a  grandmother, 

sean  aois,  old  age. 

seod  daor,  a  costly  jewel. 

sgeul  suairc,  a  pleasant  story, 

sráid  árd,  a  high  street. 

treun  fhear,  a  brave  mafi. 

trom  luighe,  a  nightmare. 

tend  teann,  a  tight  string. 

tinneas  garg,  a  severe  sickness, 

tir  áluinn,  a  beautiful  country, 

tobar  glan,  a  clean  well. 

urlár  lorn,  a  bare  floor. 

Formation  of  Adjectives 

Adjectives  may  be  formed  from  many  nouns  by 
the  addition  of  ach  or  each,  which  signifies  full  of, 
abounding  in. 


FIRST  IRISH  BOOK 


Examples 

fearg,  anger;  feargach,  angry. 
buaidh,  victory;  buadhach,  victorious. 
clú,  jame;  clúiteach,  famous. 
Sacsain,  England;  Sacsanach,  English. 
bron,  sorrow;  bronach,  sorrowful . 
neul,  a  cloud;  neulach,  cloudy. 
cúmhacht,  power;  cúmhachtach,  powerful. 
aire,  care;  aireach,  attentive. 
toil,  a  will;  toilteach,  willing. 

Some  adjectives  are  formed  by  adding  mhar  to 
nouns. 

Examples 

ádh,  luck;  adhmhar,  lucky. 
ceol,  music;  ceolmhar,  musical. 
feoil,  flesh;  feolmhar,  fleshy,  carnal. 
gloir,  glory;  glormhar,  glorious. 
lion,  number;  lionmhar,  numerous. 

Some  adjectives  are  formed  from  nouns  by  the 
addition  of  amhail  to  nouns.  If  the  consonant 
preceding  is  slender,  eamhail  is  added. 

Examples 

fear,  a  man;  fearamhail,  manly. 
bean,  a  woman;  beanamhail,  womanly. 
greann,  fun;  greannamhail,  funny,  gay. 
gráin,  hatred;  gráineamhail,  hateful. 
flaith,  prince;  flaitheamhail,  princely. 


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FIRST  IRISH  BOOK 


Numeral  Adjectives 
Cardinals 

1,  aon 

2,  do,  dá 

3,  trí 

4,  ceathair,  ceithre 
5>  cúig 

6,  sé 

7,  seacht 

8,  ocht 

9,  naoi 

10,  deich 

11,  aon  deag 

12,  dó  (or  dá)  dheag 

13,  tri  deag 

14,  ceathair  deag,  or  ceithre  deag 

15,  cúig  deag 

16,  sé  deag 

17,  seacht  deag 

18,  ocht  deag 

19,  naoi  deag 

20,  fiche 

21,  aon  is  (  or  as)  fiche;  aon  ar  fhichid 

22,  do  or  dá  is  fiche;  do  or  dá  ar  fhichid 

23,  tri  is  fiche;  tri  ar  fhichid 

30,  deich  is  fiche  (triocha) 

31,  aon  deag  is  fiche 

32,  do  (or  dá)  dheag  is  fiche 
37,  seacht  deag  is  fiche 


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40,  dá  fhichid  (ceathracha) 

41,  aon  is  dá  fhichid 

44,  ceathair  or  ceithre  is  dá  fhichid 

50,  deich  is  da  fhichid;  leithcheud 

51,  aon  deag  is  da  fhichid 

60,  tri  fichid  (seasga) 

61,  aon  is  tri  fichid 

70,  deich  is  tri  fichid  (seachtmhogha) 

71,  aon  deag  is  tri  fichid 

80,  ceithre  fichid  (ochtmhogha) 

81,  aon  is  ceithre  fichid 

90,  deich  is  ceithre  fichid  (nocha) 

91,  aon  deag  is  ceithre  fichid 

100,  céad  (ceud) 

101,  aon  is  cead 
200,  da  chead 
300,  tri  chead 
400,  ceithre  chead 
800,  ocht  gcead 

1000,  mile 
2000,  dá  mhíle 
3CXX),  tri  mile 
4000,  ceithre  mile 
1,000,000,  milliún 

Ordinals 

I  St,  cead,  aonmhadh 

2nd,  dara,  domhadh 

3rd,  triom.hadh  treas 

4th,  ceathramhadh 


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Sth,  cúigeadh,  cúigmadh 

6th,  seiseadh,  sémhadh 

yth,  seachtmhadh 

8th,  ochtmhadh 

9th,  naomhadh 

loth,  deachmhadh,  deicheadh 

nth,  aonmhadh  deag 

1 2th,  dara  deag 

13th,  treas  deag,  triomhadh  deag 

14th,  ceathramhadh  deag 

15th,  cúigeadh  deag 

1 6th,  seiseadh  deag 

17th,  seachtmhadh  deag 

1 8th,  ochtmhadh  deag 

19th,  naomhadh  deag 

20th,  ficheadh 

2ist,  aonmhadh  ar  fhichid 

22nd,  dara  ar  fhichid 

23rd,  triomhadh  ar  fhichid  or  treas  ar  fhichid 

30th,  deachmhadh  ar  fhichid 

31st,  aonmhadh  deag  ar  fhichid 

32nd,  dara  deag  ar  fhichid 

37th,  seachtmhadh  deag  ar  fhichid 

40th,  da  fhichideadh 

41st,  aonmhadh  ar  dhá  fhichid 

44th ,  ceathramhadh  ar  dhá  fhichid 

50th,  deathmhadh  ar  dhá  fhichid 

5 1 st ,  aonmhadh  deag  ar  dhá  fhichid 

60th,  tri  fichideadh 

6ist,  aonmhadh  ar  tri  fichid 


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55 


70th,  deachmhadh  ar  tri  fichid 

7 1 st ,  aonmhadh  deag  ar  tri  fichid 

80th,  ceithre  fichideadh 

8ist,  aonmhadh  ar  cheithre  fichid 

90th,  deachmhadh  ar  cheithre  fichid 

91st,  aonmhadh  deag  ar  cheithre  fichid 

looth,  ceadadh 

I  Gist,  aonmhadh  ar  chead 

200th,  dá  cheadadh 

300th,  tri  cheadah 

400th,  ceithre  cheadadh 

Sooth,  ocht  gceadadh 

1 000th,  mfleadh 

2000th,  da  mhileadh 

3000th,  tri  mlleadh 

4000th,  ceithre  mlleadh 

1, 000,000th,  miUiúnadh 

Whenever  any  numeral  less  than  twenty  is  used 
by  itself  {i.e.  not  followed  immediately  by  a  noun), 
the  particle  a  must  be  used  before  it.  This  a 
prefixes  h-  to  vowels:  a  h-aon,  one;  a  do,  two;  a 
h-ocht  eight;  Tá  se  a  c  eat  hair  a  chlog,  //  is  four 
0^  clock. 

A  do  and  a  ceathair  can  be  used  only  in  the  absence 
of  nouns,  and  never  when  counting  in  the  abstract, 

Aon,  one  J  when  used  with  a  noun  almost  always 
takes  the  word  amháin  after  the  noun;  as,  aon 
fhear  amháin,  ofie  man. 

Aon,  mte,  dá,  two,  are  placed  before  their  nouns, 


FIRST  IRISH  BOOK 


and  aspirate  their  initials,  if  in  the  aspirable  class,  as, 
aon  ctduas,  one  ear;  dhá  chluais,  two  ears. 

Examples 

an  clog,  the  hell,  the  clock;  genitive,  an  chluig. 
an  uair,  the  time  or  occasion,  the  hour;  genitive, 
na  huaire. 

Go  dé'n  clog  a  bh-fuil  sé  ?    What  o^ clock  is  it? 

Go  dé'n  t-am  a  bh-fuil  sé  ?    What  time  is  it? 

an  h-aon,  one,  or  one  o^ clock. 

an  do,  two  or  two  o^clock. 

an  tri,  three  or  three  o^ clock. 

an  ceathair,  jour  or  jour  o'clock. 

an  cuig,  jive  or  -five  o'clock. 

an  h-ocht,  eight  or  eight  o'clock. 

an  h-aon-deag,  eleven  or  eleven  o'clock, 

an  do-deag,  twelve  or  twelve  o'clock. 

an  meadhon  lae,  noon  . 

an  meadhon  oidhche,  midnight. 

Tá  sé  an  cúig  o  chlog,  It  is  jive  o'clock. 

leath-uair,   a  halj  hour,   halj  an  hour;  genitive^ 

leath-uaire. 
ceathramha-uaire,  a  quarter  oj  an  hour. 
ceathradh  go  d-ti'n  tri,  a  quarter  to  three. 
nóimid,  or  noimeud,  a  minute;  plural,  nóimid  or 

nóiméid,  minutes. 
cúig  noimid,  jive  minutes. 
cúig  nóimid  deag,  jijteen  minutes. 
tar  éis  or  thar  éis,  or  d'éis,  past,  as:  — 


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57 


leath-uair  tar  eis  a  do,  half-past  two. 
roimh,  before,  as:  — 

dcich  noamidid  roimh  a  deich,  ten  minutes  before 
{or  to)  ten, 

fiche  noimid  tar  éis  a  ceathair,  at  twenty  minutes 

past  four. 
dá  chapall  bhana,  two  white  horses. 
sé  fichid  capall  ban,  one  hundred  twenty  white  horses. 
tri  ba  fichead,  twenty-three  cows. 
ceithre  ba  fichead,  twenty-four  cows. 
cúig  ba  fichead,  twenty-five  cows. 
Cá  mhéid  atá  agat  ?    How  much  have  you? 
Cá  mhéid?    How  many? 

aon  bho  agus  dhá  chaora,  one  cow  and  two  sheep. 
sé  ba  agus  ocht  g-capaill,  six  cows  and  eight  horses. 
Go  dé  an  aois  ata  agad.  How  old  are  you,  or.  What 
is  your  age? 

Ta  me  cion  fiche  bliadhain.    /  am  upwards  of 
twenty  years. 

Verbs 

Verbs  in  Irish  are  of  four  kinds:  active,  passive, 
neuter,  and  impersonal.  They  have  number,  per- 
son, mood,  and  tense.  They  have  the  singular 
and  plural  numbers,  and  the  usual  three  persons. 
The  verb  agrees  with  its  nominative  in  number  and 
person.  The  conjugation  is  arranged,  not  according 
to  the  initial  changes,  but  according  to  terminations. 

The  verbs  are  conjugated  affirmatively  and 
interrogatively. 


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The  Verb,  to  he. 

In  order  to  form  sentences  it  is  necessary  to  know 
the  verb  to  he.  There  is  no  true  verb  to  have  in  Irish; 
the  verb  to  he,  in  one  of  its  forms,  is  used  as  a  prin- 
cipal verb  or  as  an  auxiliary.  Its  place  is  supplied 
by  the  verb  tá,  followed  by  the  preposition  ag.  Thus, 
instead  of  saying,  /  have  it,  the  Irish  form  would 
be,  Tá  se  agum,  the  equivalent  of  which  is  the  French 
C'est  a  moi,  //  is  well  with  me,  or  to  me;  Tá  leabhar 
agam,  /  have  the  hook,  literally  is,  A  hook  is  at  me. 

The  present  tense  of  the  verb  to  he  in  English  is: 

Singular  Plural 

1.  I  am.  I.    We  are. 

2.  Thou  art.  2.    You  are. 

3.  H€  is.  3.    They  are. 

The  present  tense,  indicative  mood  of  táim,  /  am, 
Singular  Plural 


IS 


1.  táim,  /  am.  i.    támaoid,  we  are. 

2.  táir,  thou  art.  2.    táthaoi,  you  are. 

3.  tá  sé,  he  is.  3.    táid,  they  are. 

The  particle  a  is  often  prefixed  to  the  present 
tense  of  this  verb,  for  the  sake  of  euphony,  or  em- 
phasis, as  atáim. 

The  above  is  called  the  sympathetic  form,  because 


FIRST  IRISH  BOOK 


59 


the  nominative  case  when  a  pronoun  is  joined  to 
the  verb  and  forms  with  it  one  word,  as  táim,  for 
tá  mé;  táir,  for  tá  tú,  etc. 

The  Forms  of  Ta  and  Bh-fuil 

Present  Tense  —  Primary  Form, 


I. 


Singular 

tá  mé,  /  am, 
tá  tú,  thou  art. 

tá  I 

I  SI,  she  ts. 


Plural 

1.  tá  sinn,  we  are. 

2.  tá  sibh,  you  are. 

3.  tá  siad,  they  are. 


Present  Tense  —  Secondary  Form. 


Singular 

bh-fuil  mé?  ami? 
bh-fuil  tú?  art  thou?  2 
is  he?  3 
is  she? 


3.  bh-fuil 


Plural 

I.    bh-fuil  sinn?  are  we? 
bh-fuil  sibh  ?  are  you? 
bh-fuil  siad?  are  they? 


(Si?  w 

Forms  0}  the  Past  Tense  of  do  bheith. 


Singular 

bhi  mé,  /  was. 
bhi  tú,  thou  wast, 
he  was. 
she  was. 


bhi  1 1^' 

I  SI, 


Plural 

1.  hhi  sinn,  we  were. 

2.  bhi  sibh,  ye  were. 

3.  bhi  siad,  they  were. 


FIRST  IRISH  BOOK 


Secondary  Form 

Singular  Plural 

raibh  mé?  was  I?  i.  raibh  sinn?  were  we? 
raibh  tú?  wast  thou?    2.    raibh  sibh?  were  ye? 

riabh  I    ^  '^^^  ^^^^^  ^^^^  ^  "^^^^ 

\si?  was  she? 


Consuetudinal  Past 


Singular 

1.  bhidheadh  mé,  /  used  to  he. 

2.  bhidheadh  tú,  thou  usedst  to  he. 
he  used  to  he. 


ísé, 
I  si, 


bhidheadh  ^  ^    7        j  ^  r 
she  used  to  be. 


Plural 

1.  bhidheadh  sinn,  we  used  to  he. 

2.  bhidheadh  sibh,  ye  used  to  he. 

3.  bhidheadh  siad,  they  used  to  he, 


BUDH 


Singular 

1.  budh  mé,  //  was  I. 

2.  budh  tú,  tú,  it  was  thou. 
V    1,   Í  shé,  é,  it  was  he. 

3.  ^^^^  Ui^i^       ^as  she. 


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Plural 

1.  budh  sinn,  inn,  it  was  we, 

2.  budh  sibh,  ibh,  it  was  ye. 

3.  budh  shiad,  it  was  they. 

The  Conditional  Mood  of  do  bheith 
Singular 

1.  Bheidhinn,  bheidheadh  mé,  /  would  be. 

2.  bheidhtheá,  bheidheadh  tú,  thou  woiddst  he, 

3.  bheidheadh  sé,  si,  he  or  she  would  he. 

Plural 

1.  bheidhmls,  bheidheadh  sinn,  we  would  he. 

2.  bheidhthi,  bheidheadh  sibh,  ye  woidd  he. 

3.  bheidhis,  bheidheadh  siad,  they  woidd  he. 

The  Imperative  Mood  of  do  bheith 
Singular 

2.  bi,  be  thou. 

3.  bidheadh  sé,  si,  let  him  or  her  be. 

Plural 

1.  bímís  (biom),  let  us  he. 

2.  bidhidh,  he  ye. 

3.  bídís,  he  they,  let  them  be. 

The  Imperative  Mood  has  no  first  person  singu- 
lar. 


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FIRST  IRISH  BOOK 


Infinitive  Mood  and  Participle  of  do  bheith 
Singular 

do  or  a  bheith,  to  be. 

gan  a  bheith,  7iot  to  be. 

chum  a  bheith,  jor  the  purpose  of  being. 

le  bheith,  in  order  to  be  (for  to  be). 

ag  bheith  (at  being)  being. 

Plural 

air  bheith  ]       ,  .      7     •  » 

air  m-beithj      ^"'^^'  ^^"^ 

iar  m-beith,  after  being,  having  been. 

air  ti  bheith  {o7i  the  point  of  being),  about  to  be. 

Beith  is  the  verbal  noun  behig,  from  which  are 
formed  the  infinitive  mood  and  participles  by  pre- 
fixing certain  prepositions. 

Additional  Forms  of  do  bheith 

gur  ab,  that  it  was. 
dar  ab,  to  whom  was. 
gur  mé,  that  it  is  I. 
an  mé,  whether  {is  it)  I. 
ni  mé,  it  is  not  I. 

Examples 

Tá  sé  na  fhear.  He  is  a  man. 

Táim  go  maith,  /  aw  well. 

Tá  sé  'n-a  chodladh.  He  is  asleep. 


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63 


Tá  si  ag  gol,  5/^^  Z5  crying. 

an  ubh  atá  me  ag  ithe,  the  egg  which  I  am  eakng. 
Bhi  me  le  faghail,  /  was  to  be  got, 
a  bheith  le  faghail,  to  be  got. 
bheith  ar  foghnamh,  to  be  well. 
Bh-fuil  se  shoir  go  foil  ?  Is  it  over  yet? 
Bh-fuil  se  agat?    Tá,  Have  you  it?    I  have. 
Bh-fuil  an  ghreim  arain  agat  ?  Have  you  any  bread? 
NÍ  fhuil  an  ghreim  agam,  /  have  not  any. 
Tá  siad  mor  le  cheile,  They  are  on  friendly  terms. 
da  mbéidheadh  si  fuar,  if  it  should  be  cold. 
an  bhidheas  ag  obair,  the  man  who  does  be  working 
an  bhean  a  bhidheadh  ag  obair,  who  used  to  be 
working. 

Go  mba  slán  bhéidheas  tú.  May  it  be  well  that  thou 

shall  be  {well,  may  you  be  well). 
Biadh  siad  ag  iomaithbhear  orra  féin,  They  shall 

be  rebuking  themselves. 
Budh  mhaith  liom  go  raibh  mé  ann,  /  wish  I  had 

been  there. 
Tá  sé  le  bheith  ann,  He  is  to  be  there. 
Dudh  choir  dho  bheith,  He  ought  to  have  been. 
An    bhfuil  mo  pheann  agat  ?  Have  you  my  pen? 
NÍ  bhiadh  an  madra  aige.  He  would  not  have  the  dog. 
Do  bhiodh  deich  gcapail  againn.  We  used  to  have 

ten  horses. 

NÍ  raibh  an  capall  ag  an  bhfear.  The  men  had  not  the 
horse. 

Raibh  tuirse  ort?  Were  you  tired? 
Bhidheann  sé  againn,  We  usually  have  it. 


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The  Impersonal  Verb  ts 

This  is  the  simplest  verb  in  the  language.  It 
has  no  inflection  for  person,  being  always  used  in 
the  third  person  singular. 

Is  is  a  verb  of  simple  assertion,  as:  — 

Is  fear  mé,  etc.,  I  am  a  ntan,  etc. 
Is  cuma  liom,  /  am  indijjerent. 
Is  maith  an  scealé,  It  is  good  news. 
Is  iongnadh  liom,  /  wo}tder. 

Is  is  used  to  express  comparison  and  superlative 
of  adjectives,  as: 

an  fear  is  fearr,  the  best  man. 

Is  feárr  or  'ná  airgead,  Gold  is  better  than  silver. 

Present  tense,  is,  it  is. 
Past  tense,      ba,  it  was. 
Future  tense,  bhus,  it  will  be. 

Subjunctive  Mood 
gur  ab,  that  it  is. 

Conditional  Mood 

da  m-badh,  if  it  were. 

ge  m-badh,  though  it  were. 


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65 


Present  Tense 

is  me,  /  am;  or,  it  is  I. 
is  tú,  thou  art,  it  is  you, 
is  é,  he  is,  it  is  he. 
is  1,  she  is,  it  is  she. 
is  sinn,  we  are,  it  is  we. 
is  sibh,  you  are,  it  is  you, 
is  iad,  they  are,  it  is  they. 

The  verb  is  is  used  whenever  in  the  English 
sentence  the  verb  to  be  is  followed  by: 

1.  A  proper  name. 

2.  A  common  noun,  with  the  definite  article  the. 

3.  Or  common  noun,  with  the  possessives,  my, 
thy,  his,  her,  our,  your,  their. 

Eocamples 

Is  fear  og  é.  He  is  a  young  man. 
Is  sé  a  tá  ann.  It  is  he  who  is  there. 
Is  tú  Cormac,  You  are  Cormac. 
Is  tú  an  si.  You  are  the  king. 
Is  tú  mo  mhathair.  You  are  my  mother. 
Is  cailin  maith  a  bhi  innti.  She  was  a  good  girl. 
Is  Í  Nora  atá  ann  so,  //  is  Nora  that  is  here. 
Is  Í  sin  mo  dheirbhshiur.  She  is  my  sister. 
Is  aig  an  tobar  aca  me,  It  is  at  the  well  that  I  am. 
Nach  tú  mo  chara?  Are  you  not  my  friend? 
Is  sinn  do  chuaidh,  go  Doire  indé,  He  went  to  Derry 
yesterday. 


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Is  é  an  fear  é,  He  is  the  man. 

Oisin  ba  threun  neart  a's  luth,  Oisin  of  mighty 

strength  and  vigor. 
Measaim  gur  ab  é  sin  an  fear,  /  think  that  that  is 

the  man. 

Ba  dheas  a  rud  é,  //  would  be  a  nice  thing. 

Adverbs 

There  are  not  many  simple  adverbs  in  the  Irish 
language,  the  greatest  number  of  the  adverbs  being 
made  up  of  two  or  more  words. 

An  adverb  may  be  formed  from  an  adjective  by 
prefixing  the  particle  go,  which  in  this  application 
has  the  same  effect  as  the  English  postfix  ly.  It 
requires  an  h  when  the  adjective  begins  with  a 
vowel. 

Examples 

olc,  bad;  go  h-olc,  badly. 
dana,  bold;  go  dána,  boldly. 
do  labhair  sé  dána,  he  spoke  boldly. 
do  labhair  sé  go  h-olc,  he  spoke  badly. 
fior,  true;  go  fior,  truly. 
geal,  bright;  go  geal,  brightly. 
milis,  sweet;  go  milis,  sweetly. 
maith,  good;  go  maith,  well. 

All  other  adverbs  are  simple  or  compound.  The 
compound  adverbs  are  usually  formed  by  a  prepo- 
sition  and  a  noun,  as,  air  g-cúl,  behind,  literally,  on 
back. 


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67 


The  following  are  the  adverbs  most  commonly 
in  use: 

anois,  now. 

ann  sin,  theit» 

ann  so,  ann  seo,  here. 

ann  sud,  yonder. 

nuair,  n'hen. 

ca  n-uair?  ca  nuair?  ca  h-uair?  when? 

ca  n-áit  ?  ca  h-áit  ?  where? 

ca  h-as?  whence? 

go  d-ti,  till,  until. 

cor  uair,  occasionally. 

a  d-toiseach,  in  front. 

mar,  because,  as. 

mar  g-ceudna,  in  like  manner. 

mar  sin  de,  so  that. 

air  d-  tús,  cheud  uair,  a  cheud  uair,  -first,  at  first. 

fadh  o  shoin,  long  ago. 

air  ais,  hack,  again. 

ca  meud  ?  ca  mheud  ?  how  many? 

leoga,  indeed,  really. 

fosta,  also. 

air  an  adhbhar  sin,  hence. 
amath,  out  {motion). 
amuigh,  out,  outside. 
asteach,  in  {motion). 
astigh,  in  {inside). 
arist,  again. 

a  g-comhnuidhe,  always. 
a  bh-fad,  bh-fad,  long,  far. 


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go  foil,  stilly  yet. 

fa  dheireadh,  sa  deireach,  at  last. 

a  roimhe,  before,  already. 

a  henifin,  already,  so  soon. 

roimhe  ré,  already. 

a  n-airde,  up,  oil  high. 

air  deireadh,  last  behind. 

na  bhaile,  a  bhaile,  home  (wards). 

air  g-cul,  back,  backwards 

gan  mhuill,  by  and  by. 

go  leor,  enough. 

go  léir,  entirely. 

go  h-iomlan,  entirely. 

go  direach,  indeed,  just. 

go  dearbhtha,  indeed,  really,  truly. 

go  de  'n-mhéid  ?  /^í?ie;  much? 

air  fad,  entirely. 

maise,  musha,  well. 

air  n-doighe,  i?/  course. 

airiamh,  ever. 

a  choidhche,  go  deó,  go  bráth,  forever,  ever. 
trasna,  across,  over. 

Adverbial  Phrases 

Adverbial  phrases  are  formed  of  nouns  or 
verbs  preceded  by  prepositions. 


i  bhfad,  ajar  off  in  space  or  time. 
i  bhfad  as  so,  far  from  here. 
i  bhfad  roimhe,  long  before. 


FIRST  IRISH  BOOK 


i  gcéin,  far  off. 
i  gcomhnuidhe,  always. 
ar  ais,  back;  as,  come  back;  tar  ar  ais. 
ar  gcúl,  backwards. 
i  dtosach,  ] 

ar  dtús,    >  first,  at  first,  in  the  beginning. 
ar  dtúis,  J 

i  gcéadóir,  immediately,  instantly. 
ann  so,  here. 
ann  sin,  there. 

ar  ball,  by-and-by,  after  awhile,  presently. 
ar  an  mball,  on  the  spot,  immediately. 
ar  aon  chor, 
i  n-aon  chor, 
ar  aon  chuma,      }  at  all,  at  any  rate. 
ar  bith, 

ar  chuma  ar  bith,  J 

ar  éigin,  with  difficulty,  hardly,  perforce. 
i  leith,  apart,  aside,  separately;  gabh  i  leith, 
hither. 

ar  mhodh,  in  a  manner,  so  that. 

ar  uairibh,  sometimes,  at  times. 

i  n-airde,  on  high;  cosa  'n-airde,  at  full  gallop. 

i  n-einfheacht,  together. 

beagnach,  almost. 

cá  h-as,  cad  as,  whence,  from  what. 
ca  mheud,  ]    j  j  . 

cia  mheud  (  many,  how  much, 

do  shior,  always. 
eadhon,  that  is,  id  est,  i.e. 


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Idheoidll;} 

fá  dhó,  twice;  fá  thrí,  tkrice,  etc. 

fá  sheach,  by  turns ^  respectively. 

go  bráth,  ever  (future),  to  the  judgment. 

choidhche,  for  ever  (future) 

riamh,  ever  (past). 

go  h-áirithe,  especially. 

go  deimhin,  indeed. 

go  h-iomlán,  entirely,  altogether. 

go  léir,  entirely. 

go  leor,  enough. 

mar  an  gceudna,  likewise,  in  like  manner, 

6  shoin  i  leith,  )  .  w  .  . 
^  ,  .  i'  >  that  time  out. 

o  shorn  amach,  J  ' 

tuille  (adh)  eile,  1    ,    . , 

tulle  fós  1   besides,  moreover. 

fa  dheire  (adh),  a/  /a^/. 

mar  sin  de,  therefore,  thereupon. 

marata,  maratáid,  namely,  viz.,  i.e. 

de  ghnáth,  usually. 

de  láthair,  presently,  just  now. 

dá  ríribh,  really,  in  fact. 

láithreach  bonn, )    just  now,  exactly  now, 

lorn  láichreach,   j  immediately. 

fá  thuairim,  con jectur ally. 

go  mór-mhór, )       ^   •  ;/ 
^   1  r  especially. 

go  h-urmhor,  j      ^  ^ 

OS  isiol,  secretely,  lowly. 

ÓS  árd,  a/c?í^í/,  a^í?z^e  board,  openly. 


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71 


de  lo,  by  day. 

d'oidhcfie,    1    ,  ^    •  j . 

ist'  oidhche,  j     -^'       ^  ' 

Ó  chéile  (ó  n-a  chéile),  asmider. 

(d)ár  ndóigh,  sure,  surely. 

ar  maidin,  in  tJte  morning. 

sa  tráthnóna,    1  •  w 

'.1.  '      >  m  the  evening. 
um  thratnnona,  j  ^ 

ar  maidin  indiu,  morning. 

ar  maidin  i  mbárach,      to-morrow  morning, 

sa  tráthnóna  indiu,  this  evening. 

athrughadh  indé,  on  tJie  day  before  yesterday. 

athrughadh  i  mbárach,  after  to-morrovj. 

anoirthear,  umánoirthear,  on  the  day  after  to-morrow. 

la  ar  n-a  bhárach,  on  the  following  day. 

air  maidin  ané,  yesterday  morning. 

trathnona  ané,  yesterday  evening. 

la  thar  na  mhárach,  next  day. 

air  amharc  lae,  at  tlie  break  of  day, 

aniú;  ané,  to-day;  yesterday. 

amarach,  to-morrow. 

anocht,  aréir,  to-night,  last  night. 

san  oidhche  amárach,  to-morrow  night. 

arthughadh  né,  ere  yesterday. 

arthughadh  réir,  ere  last  night. 

a  nórthaí,  aft-er  to-morrow. 

san  oidhche  northai,  the  night  after  to-morrow  night. 

an  t-seachtmhain  sugainn,  next  week. 

an  mhi  sugainn,  next  month. 

an  bhliadhain  sugainn,  next  year. 


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an  t-seactmhain  so  thart,  last  week. 
an  mhi  so  thart,  last  month. 
i  mbliadhna,  {during)  this  year. 
anuraidh,  {during)  last  year. 

athrughadh  anuraidh,  {during)  the  year  bejore  last. 

The  phrases  referring  to  morning,  evening,  etc., 
are  strictly  adverbial,  and  cannot  be  used  as  nouns. 

Adverbs 

dia  Domhnaigh,  on  Sunday. 
dia  Luain,  on  Monday. 
dia  ^NIáirt,  on  Tuesday. 
dia  Ceudaoin',  on  Wednesday. 
dia  Dhardaoin',  on  Thursday, 
dia  h-Aoine,  on  Friday. 
dia  Sathaim,  on  Saturday. 

Nouns 

Domhnach,  mascidine,  Sunday. 
Luan,  masculine,  Monday. 
]Máirt,  feminine,  Tuesday. 
Ceudaoin,  feminine,  Wednesday. 
Dardaoin,  feminine,  Thursday. 
Aoine,  feminine,  Friday. 
Satham,  masculine,  Saturday. 

Prepositions 

Prepositions  form  one-sixth  of  Irish  conversation. 
Of  the  three  thousand  words  of  the  Irish  Bible, 


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73 


508  are  prepositions,  while  the  English  Bible  has 
only  323. 

In  Irish  the  verb  and  prepositions  blend  in  a 
peculiar  manner,  and  impart  to  each  other  and  to 
their  combination  a  fresh  force  and  significance. 

The  number  of  simple  prepositions  is  small;  but 
there  are  many  compound  terms  made  up  of  these 
and  nouns  which  are  used  in  a  prepositional  sense. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  simple  prepositions: 

a,  ann,  anns,  in.  gan,  without. 


The  prepositions  i,  inn  (or  ann),  go,  le,  and  tré 
take  5  when  they  come  before  the  article,  as: 

leis  an  mnaoi,  with  the  woman. 

ins  an  leabhar,  in  the  book. 

ins  na  páirceannaibh,  in  the  fields. 


ag,  aig,  at. 
ansoir,  to. 
as,  out  of,  from. 
de,  fro7n,  off,  of. 
do,  to. 

frid,  through. 

fud,  through,  about. 

fa,  about. 

faoi,  under. 

ar,  air,  on. 


thart,  round. 
tre,  through. 


roimhe,  before. 
thar,  over,  across. 


idir,  between. 
le,  leis,  ndth. 
mar,  as  like. 
o,  from. 


go,  to. 
iar,  after. 


Compound  Prepositions 


Compound  prepositions  are  made  up  of  a  simple 
preposition  and  a  noun,  like  the  English  preposi- 


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tional  phrases,  on  account  of,  in  regard  to,  with  respect 
to,  as,  a  bh-fiadhnaise,  in  the  presence  of;  from  a, 
in,  and  fiadhnaise,  presence. 

The  following  are  the  most  important  compound 
prepositions : 

a  bh-fiadhnuise,  before,  under  the  eye  (of). 

a  lathair,  before,  in  the  presence  (of). 

OS  coinne,  before,  opposite,  under  the  eyes  (of). 

a  bh-fochair,  with,  in  the  company  (of). 

a  n-diaidh,  after,  in  the  wake  (of). 

a  n-aghaidh,  against;  a  g-cúl,  behind. 

air  son,  for  the  sake  (of);  ameast,  amidst. 

mar  gheall  air,  for  the  sake  of  (governs  dative). 

a  chois;  chois,  beside]  at  the  foot  (of). 

a  n-aice,  naice,  next  to,  close  to,  on  the  side  (of). 

fa  d-taoibh  de,  about,  concerning  (governs  dative). 

fa  choinne,  fa  dhéin,  for. 

go  d-ti,  to,  as  far  as,  till  (governs  dative). 

OS  cionn,  over,  above. 

do  reir,  according  to. 

an-éadan,  a  n-éadon,  against. 

a  g-cuideachta,  in  the  company  (of). 

a  g-cuideachta  le,  along  with  (governs  dative). 

a  n-dáil,  in  the  meeting  (of). 

ar  aghaidh,  forward. 

ar  amus,  towards. 

tar  cean,  besides,  for  the  sake  of. 


FIRST  IRISH  BOOK 


Conjunctions 


The  following  are  the  principal  conjunctions 
use  at  present: 

acht,  but,  except. 
agus  (a's,  is,  's),  and,  as. 
an,  whether  (interrogative), 
cidh,  gidh,  cé,  although. 

gidheadh,  however (=  gidh  eadh,  though  it  is  so.) 
dá,  if. 

de  bhrigh  go,  because. 
fos,  yet,  still. 
go,  that. 

nach,  that    ,    .    .  not. 

'ná  (ioná),  than. 

ionnus  go,  so  that,  in  order  that. 

ionnus  nach,  so  that   .    .    .  not, 

má,  ij. 

mar,  as. 

muna,  unless,  if    .    ,    ,  not. 


acht  go,  j 
maiseadh,  well,  if  so. 
no,  or. 
ná,  nor. 

6,  since,  because. 

6  nach,  since    .    .    .  not, 

Ó  tharla  go,  whereas. 


go, 

no  go, 


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oir,  for,  because. 
sul,  sul  má,  before. 

uime  sin,  therefore,  wherefore  (these  have  also  an 
adverbial  force). 

tar  cheann,  moreover ,  besides,  furtJiernwre. 

ar  an  ádhbhar  sin,  wherefore,  therefore. 

mar  sin  féin,  nevertheless,  notvcithstanding,  even  so. 

biodh  go,  although,  whether  .  .  .  or,  as:  biodh 
sé  óg  no  aosta,  wJietJier  lie  be  young  or  old;  also 
with  go,  for,  although;  also  for  admitting, 
granted,  as  biodh  go  ndeaghaidh,  admitting  tJiat 
he  went. 


Interjections  xst>  Interjectional  Phrases 

éist,  hush,  list,  silence. 
farior!  alas! 
mo  léan  géar!  alas! 
mo  bhron!  my  grief! 
mo  chreachl  woe  is  rne! 
f  each  I  behold!  lo! 
uchon,  ochon,  alas. 

mo  náire  thú!  my  shume  art  tlwu!  =  sJiame  on  you! 

mo  náir  él  shame!  O  sJiume! 

fáilte  nómhat!  welcome! 

dia  do  bheatha!  )  ,  ,  j  -j, 
>     J  I     r  welcome!  /tail! 

se  do  bheatha!  j 

slán  leat  (libh)! 

slán  beo  agat  (agaibh)!  y  good-bye, 
beannacht  leat  (libh)! 


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77 


Dia  linn!  God  he  with  us! 

maiseadh!  (má'seadh)!  mus ha !  ij  so ^  then ^  therefore. 

foighid  (foighne)!  patience! 

faire!  take  care!  fie! 

go  dtéidh  tú  slán!  safe  home! 

go  soirbhighidh  Dia  dhuit !    God  prosper  you! 

bfdothost!     I  , 
•  4.  J  1 1  y  silence! 

eist  do  bheulij 

mo  ghoirm  thú!  bravo! 

slinS'}  ^^"'^ 

maith  an  fear!  good  man! 

maith  an  buachaill!  good  jellozv! 

buidheachas  leat!      )  i  ,  ,i     i  , 

Ml       VI  thanks!  thank  you! 

go  raibn  maith  agat !  j 

go  n-éirighidh  ádh  leat !  good  luck  to  you! 
nár  léigidh  Dia  sin!    God  jorbid! 
go  mbeannuighidh  Dia  dhuit !  God  save  you!  Good- 
morning! 

go  mailidh  tú!  }  lo^S  lije  to  you! 

go  bhfoiridh  Dia  orainn!    God  help  us! 

oidhche  mhaith  dhuit!  may  you  have  a  good  night! 

go  otugaidh  Dia  oidhche  mhaith  dhuith !  may  God 

give  you  a  good  night! 
go  mbuadhaidh  Dia  leat !    God  grant  you  success! 
slán  codalta  na  h-oidhche!    sound  nigMs  sleep  to 

you! 

go  gcodlair  go  samh!  may  you  sleep  peacefully! 
bail  6  Dhia  ort !    God  bless  you! 


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cuideachan  Dé  leat !  may  God  accompany  you! 
fad  saoghail  agat !  long  life  to  you! 


an,  not,  as,  eolach,  skilled;  aineolach,  unskilled. 
comh,  together,  as,  ceangal,  a  tie;  comhcheangal, 
union. 

déagh,  good,  as,  déaghchroidheach,  kind-hearted. 

oroch,  bad,  as,  orochmheas,  contempt. 

do,  difficult,  as,  dódhéanta,  difficult  to  he  done. 

in,  -fit,  as,  indeánta,  -jit  to  he  done. 

so,  easy,  as,  sódheánta,  easy  to  he  done. 

mi,  ill,  as,  mi-adh,  ill-luck. 

neamh,  not,  as,  neamhchomhthrom,  uneven. 


ach,  full  of,  as,  briatrach,  full  of  words,  talkative. 

acht,  ness,  as,  milseacht,  sweetness. 

as,  ness,  as,  maitheas,  goodness.  * 

amhail,  like,  as,  fearamhail,  manly. 

an,  small,  as,  ardan,  a  hillock. 

in,  5ma//,  as,  coisin,  a  little  foot. 

og,  as,  feisteog,  a  little  serpent,  i.e.  a  worm. 

ach,  abounding  in,  as,  coillteach,  abounding  in  woods, 

lach,  abounding  in,  as,  muclach,  a  piggery. 

mhar,  /w//  i?/,  as,  ceólmhar  full  of  music. 


success  to  you! 


Prefixes 


Affixes 


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79 


Conversational  Phrases 


May  God  guide  you! 


Ciannos  a  bh-fuil  tú  ?  1 

Ciannos  tair?  o 
^-^-^         r  How  are  you? 
Ciannos  ta  tu? 

Cad  é  mar  tá  tú?  J 

Táim  go  maith.    /  am  well. 

Ciannos  a  bh-fuil  túféin  ?    How  is  yourselj? 

Tá  mé  go  maith,  buidheachas  leat.    I  am  well, 

than%  you. 

Go  m-beannuighidh  Dia  dhuit!   May  God  bless 
you! 

Go  soirbhighidh  Dia  dhuit !    May  God  prosper  you! 
Go  d-ti  tú  slán ! 
Go  soirbhigh  Dia  thú! 
Go  soirbhigh  Duit! 
Go  soirbhigh  'n  Righ  thú! 
Slán  leat  air  feadh  tamaill.    Farewell  for  a  while. 
Rath,  go  raibh  ort.    Prosperity,  may  (it)  be  on  thee. 
Bail  Ó  Dhia  ort.    Prosperity  from  God  ou  thee. 
Tá  grádh  agam  ort-sa.    /  have  love  for  thee. 
Tá  cion  mor  aige-sean  ort.    He  has  great  regard 

for  thee. 
Slán  agat  (singular).  ^ 
Slán  agaibh  (plural).  [q^^^_^ 
Slán  leat  (singular),  j  ' 
Slán  libh  (plural).  J 

Mile  maith.    A  thousand  good  returns.  Thanks. 
Is  breágh  an  lá  é  so.    This  is  a  fine  day. 
An  mian  leat  siubhal  ?    Do  you  wish  to  walk? 


8o 


FIRST  IRISH  BOOK 


Tá  se  ag  cur.    //  rains. 
Tá  se  cur  fearthaine.    //  is  raining. 
Tá  se  ag  cur  sneachta.    It  is  snowing. 
Tá  se  ag  cur  bratog.    It  is  sleeting. 
Is  breágh  an  aimsir  acá.    Ifs  fine  weather  we^re 
havijig. 

Nach  breagh  an  lá  é  so?    Is  not  this  a  fine  day? 
Is  breagh,  maiseadh  {or  seadh,  maiseadh).    It  is, 
indeed. 

Tá  sé  ag  eirghe  fuar.    //  is  getting  cold. 
Fliuchuigheadh  go  mor  mé.    /  got  very  wet. 
Tá  sé  ag  dul  i  n-olcas.    //  is  getting  worse. 
Tá  sé  ag  dul  i  bhfeabhas.    He  is  getting  better. 
Ag  dul  i  n-aois.    Getting  old. 
Fuaramar  anonn  tharais.    We  got  across. 
Eirigh  do  shuidhe.    Get  up. 
Imthigh  leat  as  sed.    Get  out  of  this. 
Ta  náire  orm  leat.    /  am  ashamed  of  you. 
Ta  fuadh  agam  ort.    /  hate  you. 
NÍ  fhuil  áird  agam  ort.    I  don't  like  you. 
Droch  mhunadh  ort.    Bad  manners  to  you. 
Droch  chreach  ort.    Bad  luck  to  you. 
Go  de  tá  ort  ?    What  is  the  matter  with  you? 
NÍ  bhéidhinn  gaibhte  leat.    I  would  not  be  bothered 
with  you. 

Is  fiú  do  shaothair  é.    //  is  worth  your  trouble. 

Tá  an  ceart  agat.    You  are  right. 

BÍ  do  thost.    Hold  your  tongue. 

Tá  se  na  thost.    He  is  holding  his  tongue. 

Ca  tuige  sin?    How  is  that? 


FIRST  IRISH  BOOK 


8i 


Cuir  sgeula  chuige.    Send  him  n'ord. 
Leoga  maise  is  fior  sin.    Indeed  that  is  true. 
Leoga  ta  an  ceart  agat.    Indeed  you  are  telling  the 
truth. 

Na  bac  leis.    Never  mind;  just  wait. 
Tá  cuid  de  maith.    Some  of  it  is  good. 
Tá  cuid  de  sin  olc.    Some  oj  it  is  had. 
Cad  tá  ar?    What  ails?    What  is  the  matter  with:' 
Tá  tinneas  orm.    {Sickness  is  on  me.)    I  am  sick. 
Ar  bhuille  an  bháis.    On  the  point  oj  death. 
Tá  an  slaghdan  orm.    /  Jiave  a  cold. 
Tá  an  déideadh  orm.    /  Jtave  a  toothache, 
Tá  an  fiabhras  orm.    I  have  a  jever. 
Tá  an-chodladh  orm.    /  am  very  sleepy. 
Tá  sé  ag  dul  i  bhfeabhas.    He  is  getting  better. 
Raibh  tu  tinn?    Bhi.    Were  you  sick?    I  was. 
Fuair  se  bás.    {He  joiind  death.)    He  died. 
Ta  sé  d'éis  báis  d'fhagháil.    He  has  just  died. 
Bh-fuil  fuacht  ort?    {Is  cold  on  thee?)    Art  thou 
cold? 

Tá  fuacht  orm.    /  am  cold. 

Raibh  ocras  ort?    Ni  raibh.    Were  you  hungry? 

No,  I  was  not. 
Cia  mheud  a  tá  ?    What  is  the  price? 

air  bhainne,  on  milk. 

air  arán,  on  bread. 

air  choirce,  on  oats. 

air  oma,  on  barley. 

air  arbhar,  on  corn. 

air  feoil,  on  meat. 


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air  fhion,  on  nine. 

air  chruithneacht,  on  wJieat. 

air  chochan,  on  straw. 

air  shról,  on  satin. 

air  bhioda,  on  silk. 

air  lineudach,  on  linen. 

air  eudach-cadais,  on  calico. 
Is  mór  Horn  an  luach.    /  think  the  price  high. 
XÍ  beag  Horn  é.    /  think  it  enough. 
XÍ  mor  liomé.    /  donH  think  it  enough. 
Badh  mhor  a  fhiu  é.    It  umild  be  very  valuable. 
Xi  fiú  scilling  é.    //  is  not  worth  a  shilling. 
XÍ  fiú  biorán  is  é.    //  is  of  less  value  tlmn  a  pin. 
Sin  é  atá  uaim.    That  is  what  I  want. 
Xi  fhuil  pighin  agam.    I  have  not  a  cent. 
XÍ  fhuil  greim  agam.    /  liave  not  a  taste. 
Tá  cuid  bheag  agam.    I  have  a  little. 
Tá  beagan  agam.    /  Jmve  little  {i.e.,  scarcely  any). 
Tá  braon  bainne  agam.    /  have  some  milk. 
Tá  grainin  siúcra  agam.    /  have  some  sugar. 
Tá  pighin  airgid  agam.    /  h-ave  some  money. 
Tá  ocras  orm.    {Hunger  is  on  me.)    I  am  hungry, 
Tá  sé  agam.    /  liave  it. 
Ad.  raibh  sé  aca?    Have  they  it? 
Beidh  sé  aicí.    She  will  liave  it, 
Ag  beith  ag  —  Belonging  to — 
Is  liom-sa  é.    /  own  it. 
Budh  leis  é.    He  owned  it. 
X^i  raibh  agam  air.    /  could  not  Jielp  it. 
Cé  rinne  sin?    Mise.    WJw  did  tlmt?   I  did. 


FIRST  IRISH  BOOK 


83 


An  tú  Seaghan?    Ni  mé.    Are  you  John?  No. 
An  tú  Séamus?    Is  mé.    Are  you  James?  Yes. 
An  bhfuil  aithne  agat  air?    Do  you  know  him? 
Tá  mhaise,  sean-aithne.    /  do,  indeed,  know  him  of 
old, 

A  mhuimin!    My  darling! 

A  ghradh!    My  love!  O  love! 

A  stor!    My  store!  Asthore! 

A  thaisge!    My  treasure!   My  dear! 

An  labhrann  tú  Beurla?    Do  you  speak  English? 

Nach  labhrann  tú  Gaedilge?    Do  you  speak  Irish? 

Cha  n-deanfainn  sin.    /  would  not  do  that. 

Cha  m-béidhinn  ag  caint.    /  would  not  he  talking. 

Is  feárr  Horn  gan  seasadh.    /  prefer  not  to  stand, 

Abair  leis  gan  suidhe.    Tell  him  not  to  sit, 

Tá  se  le  suidhe.    He  is  to  sit, 

Tá  se  le  seasadh.    He  is  to  stand, 

Tá  se  le  siubhal.    He  is  to  walk. 

Is  ann  a  bhionn  mo  shiubhal.    /  am  in  the  habit  of 

frequenting  that  place. 
Ag  siubhal  oidhche.    Night  walking,  strolling  by 

night. 

Thainic  se  le  fannacht.    He  came  to  stay, 

Sud  an  áit.    Yonder  is  the  place. 

So  mise.    Here  I  am. 

Tá  siad  ag  teacht.    They  are  coming. 

Táim  ag  imtheacht.    /  am  going  away. 

Géillim  do.    /  obey. 

Tugaim  ar.    /  persuade, 

Tugaim  fá.    /  endeavor. 


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larraim  ar.    /  ask  {beseech). 
Fiafruighim  de.    /  ask  {inquire). 
Cuimhnighim  ar.    /  remember. 
Léigim  do.    /  allow,  permit. 
Comhairlighim  do.    /  advise. 
Maithim  do.    /  j  or  give,  pardon, 
Freagraim  do.    /  answer. 
Geallaim  do.    /  promise. 
Tig  Horn.    /  can. 
Taithnighim  le.    I  please, 
Fanaim  le.    /  wait  jor. 
Glaoidhim  ar.    I  call  jor. 
Foirim  ar.    I  help. 
Impighim  ar.    /  beg,  I  beseech. 
Labhraim .    /  speak  of. 
Ceilim  ar.    /  conceal  from. 
Fágaim  slán  ag.    I  bid  farewell  to. 
Cuid  aca.    Some  of  them. 
Cia  againn?    Which  of  us? 
Sinn  araon.    Both  of  us. 
Sibh  araon.    Both  of  you. 
Siad  araon.    Both  of  them. 
Aon  duine  aca.    Anyone  of  them. 
Gach  aon  aca.    Each  one  of  them. 
Eist  Horn.    Listen  to  me. 

Ó  mhaidin  go  hoidhche.    From  morning  till  night. 
Ó  nóin  go  chéile.    From  evening  to  evening. 
Ó  uair  go  h-uair.    From  hour  to  hour. 
Mi.    A  month. 

Meadhon  oidhche.  Midnight. 


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85 


Do  1Ó  is  d'oidhche.    By  day  and  night, 
Tá  cá  bhfuil  sé  ?    Where  is  he? 
Tá  sé  ann  so.    He  (it)  is  here. 
Tá  sé  ann.    He  is  there  {in  it,  i.e.,  present). 
Ta  sé  ar  an  mbord.    //  is  on  the  table. 
Tá  sé  faoi  'n  mbord.    //  is  under  the  table. 
Tá  sé  i  mo  láimh.    //  is  in  my  hand. 
Is  mise  atá  ann.    //  is  I  that  is  there. 
An  tusa  atá  ann  ?    Is  mise.    Is  it  yon  that  is  there? 
Yes. 

Nach  tusa  atá  ag  imtheacht?  Ni  mé.  Is  it  not 
you  that  is  going?  No. 

Is  liomsa  an  leabhar  sin.    That  book  belongs  to  me. 

Nach  leatsa  an  peann  luaidhe  so?  Is  not  this  pen- 
cil yours? 

NÍ  liomsa  é,  acht  léithise.    //  is  not  mine,  but  hers,^ 
Abair  an  focal  sin.    Say  that  word. 
Arthuigtúé?    Níor  thuigeas.    Did  you  understand 
it?  No. 

Nach  dtuigeann  tú  meud  ata  mé  ag  rádh?    Do  you 

understand  what  I  am  saying? 
Maiseadh  tuigim.    /  do  then. 

An  bhfeiceann  tú  é?  Ní  fheicim.  Do  you  see  it? 
No. 

An  bhfaca  tú  é  ?  Ní  fachas.  Did  you  see  it?  No. 
Feicfidh  mé  amárach  tú.  /  shall  see  you  to-morroiv. 
Slán  leat  go  bhfeicfidh  mé  arís  tú?    Good-bye,  till 

I  see  you  again. 
Cé  an  t-am  a  bheidheas  tú  ar  ais?    What  time  will 

you  be  back? 


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Fanfad  agus  fáilte.    /  will  stay  with  pleasure. 
NÍ  mian  é  d'fheicsin.    /  do  not  wish  to  see  him. 
Is  maith  é  sin  a  chloistin.    /  am  glad  to  hear  that. 
Da  choir  dhuit  imtheacht  abhaile.    You  ought  to  go 
home. 

Caithfidh  mé  imtheacht  anois.    /  must  go  now. 

Tá  sé  chom  maith  duit  bheith  'do  shuidhe.  You 

might  as  well  he  seated. 
Is  docha  go  bhfuil  an  deifer  ort.    /  suppose  you  are 

in  a  hurry. 

Go  dtugaidh  Dia  slán  abhaile  sibh.    May  God  bring 

you  safe  home. 
Go  n-éirighidh  do  bhothar  leat.    May  your  journey 

thrive  with  you. 
Go  mba  seacht  fearr  a  bheidheas  tú  bliadhain  ó 

andíu.    Afay  you  be  seven  times  better  a  year 

jrom  to-day. 

Dia  isir  sinn  agus  an  t-olc.  God  between  us  and 
harm. 

Mo  mhallacht  ort.  Nár  eírighidh  an  lá  leat.  My 
curse  on  you.    May  the  day  not  thrive  with  you. 

Mo  naire  is  m'aithis  é.  /  am  ashamed  and  feel  dis- 
graced at  it. 

Aon  neach.    Anyone ,  anybody. 

Aon  eile.  Another. 

Aon  nidh.  Anything. 

Cad  é  an  ainm  a  thug  sé  ort?  By  what  name  did 
he  call  you? 

Cad  as  é?  Where  is  he  from?  Where  is  he? 
Whence  is  he? 


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87 


Ar  ball.    By-and-by,  presently. 
Ar  an  mball.    At  once,  immediately. 
Anois  beag.    Just  now,  a  moment  ago. 
Tá  cupla  lá  o  shoin.    A  jew  days  ago. 
Tá  cupla  bliadhain  o  shoin.    A  jew  years  ago. 
Caidé  an  chiall  ata  leis?    What  does  it  mean? 
NÍ  déarfainn  id  choinnibh.    /  am  inclined  to  agree 
with  you. 

Cia  an  col  atá  agat  leis?    What  is  your  blood  rela- 
tion to  him? 
Mo  chol  seisear.    My  second  cousin. 
Mo  chol  ceathar.    My  first  cousin. 
Dearbhráthair.  Brother. 
Deirbhshiúr.  Sister. 
Aintin.  Aunt. 

Dearbhráthair  athar.  Uncle. 
Athair.  Father. 
Máthair.  Mother. 
Sean-mháthair.  Grandmother, 
Sean-athair.  Grandfather. 
Gormach.  Nephew. 
Gairghean.  Niece. 
Eireannach.   An  Irishman. 
Sagsanach.    An  Englishman, 
Albanach.    A  Scotchman. 
Franncach.    A  Frenchman, 
Gearmánach.    A  German. 
Ceall.    A  church. 
Ceallach.    Belonging  to  a  church. 
Ceall-phort.   A  cathedral  church. 


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FIRST  IRISH  BOOK 


Sagart.    A  priest. 

Sagart  parráiste  (or  parróiste).    A  parish  pri-esU 

Sagart  óg.    A  curate. 

Sagart óid.    A  parish. 

Uisce  coisrighthe.    Holy  'water. 

Altoir.  Altar. 

Bean  riaghalta.    A  nun. 

^lná  riaghalta.  Nuns. 

Teach  namban  riaghalta.    A  nunnery,  convent. 
losa  Chiost.    Jesus  Christ. 
A  dhuine  uasail.  Sir. 
A  bhean  uasail.  Madam. 
A  dhaoine  uaisale.  Gentlemen. 
A  Shaoi  dhilis.    Dear  Sir. 
'Athair  urramaigh.    Reverend  Father. 
A  Shaoi  urramaigh.    Reverend  Sir. 
A  Chara  ionmhuin.    Dear  friend. 
Mise  le  meas  mór.    Yours  faithfully. 
Mise  le  flr-mheas  ort.    Yours  sincerely. 
Mise  le  buan-charadas.    Always  truly  yours. 
Do  bhuan-chara  go  deo.    Your  faithful  friend. 
Do  Sheághan  uasal  Pleimeannach.    To  John  Flem- 
ing, Esq. 

Máire  Uasal  og  Xi  Flaithbheartaigh.    Miss  Mary 
O'Flaherty. 

Nora  Uasal  Bean  Ui  Bhrian.    Miss  Nora  O'Brien. 
Micheál  Urramach  O  Duinn.    The  Rev.  Michael 
Dunne. 

Fan  Horn,  a  Sheagháin.    Wait  for  me,  John. 
Dia  dhuit,  a  Sheumais.    Good  morjiing,  James. 


FIRST  IRISH  BOOK 


Leabhar  Mháire.    Mary's  hook. 

Sgian  sheoirse.    George's  knife. 

Seaghan  MacDomhnaill.    John  McDonnell, 

Maire  Ni  Chonaill.    Mary  O'Connell. 

Diarmuid  O  Conaill.    Dermot  O'ConnelL 

Nora  Nic  Domhnaill.    Nora  McDonnell. 

Sheumas  Ui  Bhriain.    James  O'Brien. 

Nora  Nic  an  Ultaigh.    Nora  McNulty. 

O'Donnchadha.  O'Donahoe. 

Mac  Donnchadha.  MacDmiough. 

Mac  ^lurchadha.    MacMorough,  Murphy, 

O'Raghallaigh.  O'Reilly. 

Mac  Aodhagáin.    Egan,  Keegan, 

O'Laoghaire.  O'Leary. 

Eoghan.  Owen. 

Maguidhir.  Maguire. 

O'Ceallaigh.  O'Kelly. 

O'Dálaigh.  O'Daly. 

Mac  Suibhne.  MacSweeney, 

Dhonnabháin.    O' Donovan, 

Conchubhar.  Cofinor. 

O'Floinn.  O'Flynn. 

Lorcan.  Lawrence. 

Diarmuid.  Dermot. 

Niall.  Neil. 

Donnchadh.    Donogh,  Dennis, 
Pheadair.  Peter. 
Pádraic.  Patrick. 
Dómhnall.    Donal,  Daniel, 
Mícheál.  Michael. 


90 


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Cormac.  Charles. 
Brighid.  Bridget. 
Sighle.  Cecilia. 
Eibhlin.  Ellen. 
Caitilin.  Catherine. 


IDIOMS 

The  most  difficult  thing  to  understand  in  the 
Irish  language  is  the  use  of  idioms.  Mature  scholars 
find  themselves  at  fault  in  these  matters.  Verbs  and 
prepositions,  when  combined,  acquire  a  new  signi- 
ficance, which  can  only  be  learned  by  constant 
practice.  For  instance:  Rug  mé  ar  fheusoig  air. 
/  hore  a  heard  on  him,  means  in  English,  /  caught 
him  by  the  beard.  Tá  an  leabhar  ag  an  duine,  The 
book  is  at  the  man,  means  in  English,  The  man  has 
the  book. 

To  die  is  very  often  expressed  in  Irish  by  a  phrase, 
meaning  to  find  death.  Donall  met  Fergus  is  often 
expressed  in  Irish,  Do  casadh  Fergus  air  Domhnall, 
literally,  Fergus  was  met  {turned)  on  Donall. 

In  English  we  say  What  a  man,"  ''What  a  start," 
but  in  Irish  we  say ''What  the  man,"  "What  the 
start,"  as,  Caidé  an  geit  do  bhainfeadh  sé  aistí,  What 
a  fright  he  would  give  her  (he  would  take  out  of  her). 

Aonar,  alone,  originally  meant  07ie  person,  as,  Im 
aonar,  /  alone,  by  myself;  id  aonar,  you  alone,  by 
yourself;  fear  aonair,  one  or  a  single  man.  Am 


FIRST  IRISH  BOOK 


91 


donar  seal  a  siubhal  bhidheas,  /  walked  alone  {alone, 
of  a  time,  walking  I  was. 

If  a  person  is  hungry,  thirsty,  cold,  afraid,  sick,  etc., 
it  is  expressed  in  Irish  by  saying  that  hunger,  thirst, 
cold,  etc.,  is  on  him,  the  preposition,  air,  being  used: 
Do  bhi  tart  mor  air  jheaghan,  John  was  very  thirsty, 
(Great  thirst  was  on  John.)  Cad  é  sin  ort?  What 
ails  you?    (What  is  that  on  thee?) 

I  know  is  expressed  in  Irish  by  Tá  a  fhios  agam, 
literally,  Its  knowledge  is  at  me,  i.e.,  I  have  its  know- 
ledge. This  phrase  is  some  times  used  transitively, 
as  Tá's  agam  é.  /  know  it.  Agus  an  bh-fuil  a  fhios 
agad  fein  ?  Do  you  know  it?  (Is  its  knowledge  with 
you?) 

James  owes  the  man  one  hundred  pounds,  would  be 
in  Irish,  The  man  has  a  hundred  pounds  on  James  — 
Tá  cead  punt  a  aig  an  fheas  air  Shéamus. 

To  separate  from  a  person  is  expressed  in  Irish 
by,  to  separate  with  a  person,  the  preposition,  le  or 
re,  being  used :  Searadar  fein  agus  Diarmaid  re  n-a 
chéile  —  They  themselves  and  Diarmaid  separated  from 
each  other. 

Ceann,  head,  is  often  used  to  express  the  end,  limit 
(in  time,  place),  one  single  person  or  object,  as  in  the 
phrase,  the  first  one,  sl  g-ceann  bliadhna,  at  the  end 
of  a  year;  go  ceann  bliadh-na,  a  year  hence;  go  ceann 
i  bhfad,  for  a  long  time.  There  is  no  verb  in  Irish 
corresponding  to  the  English  verb  to  have  as  express- 
ing possession;  and  the  sentence,  The  man  has  a 
book,  is  expressed  in  Irish  by  the  verb,  tá,  and  the 


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preposition,  ag,  in  this  form :  Tá  leabhar  ag  an  duine, 
A  book  is  at  (or  with)  the  man;  Ta  airgead  agum,  / 
have  mo7tey  (money  is  nith  me).  I  ivant  a  hook  is 
translated,  Atá  leabhar  uaim,  There  is  a  hook  from  me. 

Ownership  is  expressed  by  the  verb,  is,  and  the 
preposition,  le,  u'ith:  Is  leatsa  an  teach,  Tlie  house 
helongs  to  thee  (it  is  ivith  thee  the  house). 

I  like  and  /  prejer  are  translated  by  the  expression. 
Is  maith  Horn  and  Is  fearr  Horn,  //  is  good  unth  7ne; 
and,  It  is  better  with  fne. 

Exa:^iples 

Atáim  in  mo  righ  anois.    /  ant  a  king  now;  lit., 

/  am  in  my  king  now,  i.e.,  I  am  at  present  in  a 

state  of  kingship. 
Bidheann  ádh  ar  amadán.    A  fool  usually  has  luck; 

lit.,  luck  is  on  a  jool. 
Atá  Cormac  in  a  fhear  láidir.    Cor  mac  is  a  strong 

man;  lit.,  Cormac  Jias  become  a  strong  man. 
Do  bhi  eolas  agam  air  fad'  o,  agus  mé  im'  bhuachaill. 

/  know  him  well,  and  I  a  hoy;  lit..  When  I  was. 
Dia  duit.  God  save  you;  God  to  thee. 
Tá  deifir  orm.    /  am  in  a  hurry;  lit. ,  ^  hurry  is  on  me. 
Is  láidir  an  fear  é.    He  is  a  strong  man;  lit..  Is 

strong  the  man  he. 
Is  deas  an  cailin  í  sin.    That  is  a  pretty  girl;  lit., 

Is  pretty  the  girl  she  at. 
Is  geur  an  sgianso.    This  knije  is  sJtarp;  lit.,  is 

sharp  the  knije  this. 


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93 


Is  feárr  Horn  or  ioná  airgead.  /  prefer  gold  to  silvers- 
lit.,  It  is  better  with  me,  gold  than  silver. 

Is  milis  Horn.  /  think  it  is  sweet,  lit.,  //  is  sweet  with 
me. 

Ma's  maith  Icat.  Ijyou  like;  lit.,  //  it  is  good  with  thee. 
An  toil  leat  ceacht  liom?    Are  you  willing  to  come 

with  me?  lit.,  Whether  {is  it)  a  will  with  thee 

to  come  with  me? 
Nach  cuimhin  libh  an  la  sin?   DonH  you  remember 

that  day?  lit..  Is  not  a  remembrance  with  you 

on  that  day? 

An  mian  leat  siúbhal?    Do  you  wish  to  walk?  lit.. 

Whether  {is)  a  desire  with  thee  to  walk? 
Is  ail  liom  an  áit  so.    /  like  this  place;  lit.,  //  is  a 

pleasure  with  me  this  place. 
Badh  rogha  liom  é.    /  would  have  chosen  it;  lit., 

It  would  be  a  choice  with  me. 
Cia  mheud  a  tá  ort?    How  much  do  you  owe?  lit.. 

How  much  is  on  thee? 
Bh-fuil  mórán  air?    Does  he  owe  much?  lit..  Is 

there  much  on  him? 
Cia  mheud  a  tá  air  bhuaibh  ?    What  is  the  price  of 

the  cows?  lit..  How  much  is  on  the  cows? 
Cad  é  a  tá  ort?    What  ails  thee?  lit.,  What  is  it 

that  is  on  thee? 
Tá  tinneas  orm.    /  am  sick;  lit..  Sickness  is  on  me. 
Raibh  tinneas  air  d'atliair?    Was  your  father  sick? 

lit..  Was  sickness  on  your  father? 
Tá  biseach  air,  or,  Fuair  sé  biseach.    He  is  better; 

lit.,  Improvement  is  on  him. 


94  FIRST  IRISH  BOOK 

Bh-fuil  eagla  ort?    Art  thou  ajraid?   lit.,  Is  it 
fear  on  thee? 

Tá  gean  air.    He  is  beloved;    lit.,  Affection  is  on 
him. 

Tá  gráin  orra.    They  are  disliked;    lit.,  Dislike 
is  on  them. 

Tá  slacht  mor  uirri.    She  is  well  favored;  lit., 
There  is  a  very  good  appearance  on  her. 


VOCABULARY 


This  vocabulary  contains  all  of  the  words  in  this 
book  with  the  exception  of  the  numerals. 

Abbreviations 


a.,  adj.  —  adjective. 
accus.  —  accusative. 
ad.  —  adverb. 
cf.  —  compare. 
com  p.  —  comparative. 
dat.  —  dative. 
dim.  —  diminutive. 
disj.  —  disjunctive. 
/.  —  feminine. 
g.  —  genitive. 

gsf.  —  genitive  singular  feminine 
id.  —  idem,  the  same. 
imper.  —  imperative. 
interrog.  part.  —  interrogative 

particle. 
intr.  —  intransitive. 


lit.  —  literally. 

m.  —  masculine. 

neg.  —  negative. 

nom.  —  nominative. 

p.  a.  —  participle  adjective. 

poet.  —  poetical. 

pi.  —  plural. 

poss.  adj.  —  possessive  adjective. 

pr.  pro.  —  pronoun. 

prep.  —  preposition. 

pron.  —  pronounced. 

pronom.  —  pronominal. 

s.  —  singular. 

subst.  —  substantive. 

V.  adj.  —  verbal  adjective. 

V.  tr.  —  verb,  transitive. 


a,  prep;  out  of. 

A!  inter j.,  ah!  oh!  Ah!  mo  thruagh  thú,  oh!  / 

pity  you. 
a,  poss.,  adj.,  her,  his,  its,  their. 
a,  rel.pro.,  who,  which,  that,  in  whom,  in  which, 

all  that,  all  who. 

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FIRST  IRISH  BOOK 


a,  particle  used  so^netimes  before  nwnerals,  as  a  cúig, 
five. 

abair,  imper.  of  adcirim. 

abú,  inter].,  to  victory!    Used  in  battle-cries,  as 

Crom  abú. 
aca,  prep,  pro.,  3  pi.,  at  them,  etc. 
acht,  conj.,  out;  prep.,  but,  except  with  accus. 
aderim,  v.  tr.,  irreg.,  I  say,  utter,  tell. 
ádh,  ágh,  g.,  áidh,  ádha,  or  áigh,  ágha,  m.,  luck, 

fate. 

ádhbhar,  -air,  m.,  cause,  reason;  matter,  material. 

ádhmharach,  -aighe,  a.,  lucky,  fortunate. 

ag,  prep.,  at,  with,  by.    In  pronoun  combinatimis, 

agam,  agat,  aige,  etc.    Idiom,  tá  sé  agam,  /  have 

it  (lit.,  it  is  at  me). 
agaibh,  prep,  pro.,  2  pi.,  at  or  with  ye. 
againn,  prep,  pro.,  i  pi.,  at  or  with  us. 
aghaidh,  g.,  aighthe,  /.,  the  face;  opposite,  over, 

against. 

agam,  prep,  pro.,  is,  at  or  with  me. 
agat,  prep,  pro.,  at  thee,  to  or  with  thee. 
agus  (a's,  as,  's),  conj.,  and,  but. 
aice,  g.  id.,  /.,  proximity,  immediate  vicinity, 
aici,  prep,  pro.,  /.,  with  or  at  her. 
aicid,  -e,  /.,  sickness,  disease,  misfortune. 
aige,  prep,  pro.,  m.,  with  or  by  him,  or  it. 
ainm,  g.,  ainme,  anma,  m.,  a  name,  reputation. 
air,  prep.,  on,  upon,  etc.,  upon  him  or  it. 
áird,  -e,  /.,  point  of  compass,  direction,  region, 
áirde,  g.  id.,  height;  anairde,  on  high. 


FIRST  IRISH  BOOK  97 

aire,  g.  id.,     call,  heed,  attention',  tabhair  aire  dhuil; 

féin,  take  care  oj  yoiirselj. 
aireach,  -righe,  a.,  heedjiil,  attentive,  carejul,  watch- 

jid. 

airgead,  -gid,  m.,  silver,  money;  airgead  kuadh, 

copper  money. 
ais,  -e,  /.,  hack,  a  side;  ar  ais,  backwards. 
ais,  prefix,  implying  repetition. 
áit,  -e,     a  place,  locality. 
áiteacha  (see  áit). 

aithis,  -e,  /.,  reproach,  shame,  disgrace. 

aithne,  g.  id.,  /.,  recognition,  acquaintance  with, 

knowledge. 
altoir,  g.,  -óra,  /.,  an  altar. 

áluinn  (alainn),  gsj.,  áilne,  a.,  beautiful ,  handsome, 
lovely. 

am,  g.,  ama,  m.,  time,  occasion. 
amach,  ad.,  out,  outside. 

amadán,  -ain,  m.,  a  fool;  amadanách,  foolish,  .silly. 

amárach,  ad.  of  time,  on  to-morrow. 

ameasc,  comp.  prep.,  among,  amongst,  amid, 

amhail,  a.,  like,  as. 

amháÍR,  adv.,  only,  alone,  merely. 

amuigh,  ad.,  out,  outside,  without. 

an,  interrog.  part.,  whether? 

an,  def.  art.,  gsf.,  na,  the. 

an,  intrans.  prefix,  very,  when  prefixed  to  adjectives, 

an-bhog,  very  soft. 
an,  neg.  prefix,  un-,  in-,  not. 
an,  a,,  noble;  pure,  pleasant,  elegant. 


98  FIRST  IRISH  BOOK 

ana,  g.  id.,     nobility,  prosperity. 
anam,  g.,  anma,     soul,  life,  vigor,  activity. 
andé  (indé)  adv.,  yesterday. 
andiú  (indiú)  adv.,  to-day. 
ané,  anéi,  yesterday. 
aniu,  a  n-iudh,  aniugh,  to-day. 
ann,  pron.  comp.,  with  \,  in  it,  thee. 
annsin,  annsoin,  pr.  ad.,  in  that,  then,  there,  there- 
upon. 

annsu,  p.  ad.,  here;  in  this. 

annsud,  anonn,  ad.,  thither,  yonder,  beyond. 

aoibhneas,  -neasa  and  nis,  m.,  delight,  joy,  gladness, 

aoinneach  (éinneach),  m.,  anybody,  anyone. 

aol,  g.,  aoil,  m.,  lime;  a  very  bright  color. 

aon,  one,  a  single  one,  only;  the  one,  the  same, 

anocht,  ad.,  to-night. 

anois,  ad.,  now. 

ar,  pep.,  used  for  iar,  to,  for. 

ar,  pep.,  one,  on,  upon. 

ar,  interrog.  part.,  =  an  ro,  used  in  past  tense  for  an, 

whether?  if? 
ar  =  óir,  conj.,  because,  for. 
arán,  aráin,  m.,  bread,  loaf,  subsistence. 
araon  =  ar  aon,  together,  both,  each  {of  two). 
arbhar,  -air,  m.,  corn. 

árd,  gsf.,  áirde  and  aoirde,  high,  tall,  noble,  mighty, 
loud. 

árdan,  -ain,  m.,  a  height,  a  hill,  hillock,  a  terrace. 
arduighim,  -ughadh,  v.  tr.,  I  magnify,  exalt,  raise, 
lift,  hoist. 


FIRST  IRISH  BOOK 


99 


aréír,  ad.,  last  night. 

ariamh,  ad.,  ever,  always;  with  neg.,  never. 
aris,  adv.,  again. 

as,  prep.,  cad  as  é?    Where  is  he  from,  where  is  he? 

asteach  (isteach),  ad.,  in,  into. 

astigh,  ad.,  in,  within,  inside. 

atáim,  sub.  verb,  I  am,  I  live,  I  stay,  there  is. 

athair,  g.,  athar,  m.,  a  father,  an  ancestor. 

athas,  m.,  joy,  gladness;  tá  áthas  orm  faoi  sin,  / 

am  glad  of  that. 
athrughadh  (arughadh),  m.,  after  to-morrow. 

B 

ba,  pi.,  of  bo,  a  cow;  cows,  kine. 
ba,  V.  irreg.,  was. 

bac,  -aic,  m.,  a  stop,  an  impediment. 

bach,  -a,  m.,  drunkenness;  a  rout,  a  defeat, 

bád,  g.,  báid,  m.,  a  boat. 

badh,  ba,  budh,  cond.  of  assertive  v.,  is. 

bail,  -e,  /.,  success,  prosperity,  form,  effect,  issue. 

baile,  g.  id.,  m.,  a  town,  a  village,  a  home,  ;  ag  baile, 

at  home;  as  baile  or  6  bhaile,  from  home. 
ball,  g.,  baill  and  boill,  m.,  a  limb,  a  member;  ar 

ball,  presently. 
balla,  g.  id.,  a  wall,  a  rampart. 
bain  (ban-)  prefix  (bean,  a  woman),  makes  a  noun 

feminine. 
baine,  g.  id.,  /.,  whiteness,  fairness, 
bainne,  g.  id.,  m.,  milk. 


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FIRST  IRISH  BOOK 


bán,  -áine,  a.,  white,  fair,  pale. 

bárd,  -áird,       a  poet,  a  bard. 

hárr,  g.,  báirr,  m.,  tJie  top;  an  addition. 

bas,  -áis,  m.,  death;  6  aois  go  bás,  during  one's  life. 

Idiom  —  ag  faghail  bháis,  dying  {lit.,  getting 

death). 

beadh,  -a,  m.,  bad  news,  injury,  flattery. 

beag,  gsj.,  bilge,  little,  smalL  tiny;  is  beag  orm  é,  I 

despise  him;  ni  beag  liom  é,  /  think  it  enough. 

I  am  satisfied  with  it. 
beagan,  -ain,  7;z.,  a  little,  few. 

béal,  g.,  béil,  m.,  the  mouth,  the  lips;  béal  an  tsluaigh, 
peopk  m  general. 

bealach,  -aigh,  m.,  a  road,  way,  path. 

bean,  g.,  niná,  a  woman,  a  wife;  bean  uasal,  a  lady. 

beannacht,  -a,  /.,  a  blessing;  beannacht  leat,  good-bye. 

beannuighim,  -ughadh,  v.  tr.,  I  bless. 

béarla,  g.  id.,  language,  speech,  dialect.  The  Eng- 
lish language. 

beatha,  g.,  -adh,  /.,  life,  existence;  dé  do  bheatha, 
welcome,  hull. 

beir  (see  beirim). 

beireann  (see  beirim). 

beirim,  v.  tr.,  and  intr.,  I  bear,  take,  bring,  carry. 
bhais  (see  bás). 
bhar,  bhur,  pass,  pro.,  your. 
bhi,  3  s.  p.  f.,  of  ataim,  /  am. 
bho  (bo,  g.  id.,  pi.,  ba),  a  cow. 
bhuailim,  -aladh,  v.  tr.,  and  tntr.,  I  strike,  beat, 
smite;  I  start,  go. 


FIRST  IRISH  BOOK  loi 

bhur  (see  bhar). 

bile,  g.  id.y  a  mast,  a  tree. 

biodh,  3  s.  imper.,  of  atáim.    /  aw,  used  for  whether. 

biorán,  -áin,  m.,  a  pin,  a  brooch. 

biseach,  -sigh,  m.,  increase,  profit,  improvement, 

convalescence. 
bith,  g.,  beatha,  m.,  the  world;  being,  life;  ar  bith, 

any  at  all. 
bliadhain,  g.,  -dhna,  /.,  a  year. 
bocht,  gsf.,  boichte,  poor,  lean,  needy,  thin,  slight. 
borb,  gsf.,  buirbe,  a.,  sharp,  fierce,  violent,  severe. 
bord,  -úiard,  m.,  a  table,  a  board;  a  plain  surface. 
bothar,  -air,  m.,  a  road,  a  way,  a  journey. 
braon,  g.,  braoin,  m.,  a  drop. 
bráth,  judgment,  doomsday;  go  bráth,  forever. 
bratóg,  -óige,  /.,  a  snowflake. 

breac,  g.,  brie,  m.,  a  trout;  any  fish  taken  with  a  hook. 
breágh,  gsf.,  breagha,  a.,  fine,  lovely,  handsome, 
splendid. 

breith,  -e,  /.,  act  of  bearing,  carrying,  choosing,  tak- 
ing, bringing;  time. 

briathrach,  -aighe,  a.,  wordy,  verbose,  talkative. 

brigh,  g.,  briogh,  power,  strength;  de  bhriogh  go, 
because. 

bród,  m.,  pride,  gladness,  joy.    Tá  bród  orm  faoi  sin; 

/  am  glad  of  that. 
bron,  g.,  broin,  m.,  grief,  sorrow. 
bronach,  -aighe,  a.,  sorrowful,  grieved. 
buachaill,  -alia,  m.,  a  boy,  a  lad;  buachaill  báire, 

a  jolly  fellow. 


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FIRST  IRISH  BOOK 


buadhach,  -aighe,  a.,  victorious,  valuable,  precious. 
buadhachtáil,  -ála,  /.,  gain,  success,  victory. 
buaidh,  -e,  and  adha,  /.,  victory,  conquest,  success. 
buailim,  -aladh,  v.  tr.,  and  inter.,  I  strike,  heat,  smite; 
I  depart. 

Idiom  —  buail  fut,  sit  down  {lit.,  strike  under 
you.) 

bualadh,  -ailte,  m.,  a  striking,  a  heating. 
budh,  cond.  of  assertive  verb  is. 
buidhe,  a.,  yellow,  tawny,  sunburnt. 
buidheachas,  -ais,  m.,  gratitude,  thanks,  thankful- 
ness. 

buille,  g.  id.,  m.,  a  stroke,  a  blow;  ar  buille  an  bhais, 
on  the  point  of  death. 

C 

cá,  inter,  pro.,  what?  where?  whither?  how?  why? 
cách,  g.,  cáich,  everyone,  all  in  general,  the  whole. 
cad,  rel.  and  inter,  pro.,  what?   cadas,  where,  where- 
fore? 

cadás,  -áir,  m.,  cotton,  fustian;  humbug,  bombast. 
caidé,  inter,  pro.,  what?  sometimes  cad  é. 
caidhe,  inter,  part,  what? 

cailin,  g.  id.,  m.,  a  girl,  a  maiden;  cailin  og,  a  grown- 
up girl;  cailin  aimsire,  a  servant  girl;  cailin 
beag,  a  little  girl. 

cain,  -ána,  and  cánach,  /.,  a  law,  a  rule;  a  fine,  a 
tribute. 

caint,  /.,  talk. 


FIRST  IRISH  BOOK 


03 


caisleán,  -leáin,  a  castle^  a  jort,  a  stronghold. 

caithréim,  -e,  triumph,  triumphing. 

cáithte,  p.  a.,  winnowed,  cleaned. 

canas,  ad.,  whence?  from  what? 

caoi,  g.  id.,  f.,  mode,  way,  method,  manner. 

caol,  -oile,  a.,  narrow,  slender,  thin,  graceful. 

caol,  -aoil,  -aolta,  m.,  the  smaller  or  narrower  pari. 

caora,  g.,  -ach,      a  sheep,  an  ewe. 

capall,  g.,  -aill,  a  horse. 

cara,  g.,  carad,  /.,  a  friend,  a  beloved  one,  a  relative. 
casadh,  -sta,  m.,  act  of  twisting,  turning,  raising. 
cat,  g.,  cait,  coit,  cuit,  m.,  a  cat. 
cathair,  g.,  -thrach,      a  city,  a  court,  a  mansion. 
cé  {prop,  cia),  interrog.  pro.,  who?  which?  what? 
cé  (see  ciodh). 

ceachtar,  distrib.  pro.,  either,  one  or  other,  each, 
any. 

céad,  indie,  num.,  first,  choicest. 
céadna,  indie,  a.,  the  same,  similar. 
ceall,  /.,  a  church  (see  cill). 
ceall-phort,  -puirt,  m.,  a  cathedral  church. 
ceallach,  -aighe,  a.,  belonging  to  a  church,  a  church- 
man. 

ceangal,  -ail,  m.,  act  of  binding,  tying;  a  knot,  tie, 
bond. 

ceann,  g.,  cinn,  m.,  a  head;  end,  limit  (in  time, 
place). 

ceart,  g.,  ceirt,  m.,  right,  justice,  law,  equity. 
ceathardha,  indie,  a.,  belonging  to. 
ceathramha,  -mhan,  /.,  a  quarter. 


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céile,  g.  id.,  m.  and      a  fellow,  companion,  mate; 

a  chéile,  each  other. 
ceilim,  vl.,  ceilt,  v.  tr.,  I  conceal,  hide,  defiy. 
ceol,  g.,  ceoil,  ciuil,  m.,  music,  melody,  singing. 
ceolmhar,  -aire,  a.,  musical,  active,  vigorous. 
ceudna  (see  caoi). 
cha,  neg.  part.,  not,  no. 

cheann,  tar  cheann,  over,  besides,  beyond,  jor  the 
sake  of. 

choidhche,  ad.,  ever,  always;  with  neg.,  fiever. 
choinnibh  (see  coinne). 
chóiste,  g.  id.,  m.,  a  coach. 
chrich  (see  crioch). 

chuaidh,  3  s.  indie,  past,  of  téidhim,  /  go. 
chugainn,  per.  pro.,  1  pi.,  to,  towards. 
chughainn,  per.  pro.,  to  us,  toward  us. 
chuige,  to.,  for  him,  it,  for  the  purpose. 
cia,  interrog.  pro.,  who?    what?  which? 
ciall,  céille,  /.,  sense,  meanhig,  intellect,  reason,  wis- 
dom. 

ciannos   (cionnas),  interrog.   pro.,   how?  in  what 
manner? 

cibé,  indef.  pro.,  whoever,  whatever. 
cidh  (see  ciodh). 

cill,  g.,  cille,  a  church,  a  churchyard;  cill  Áirne, 
Killarney. 

cinn,  g.,  and  pi.  of  ceann,  m.,  head,  end. 

ciodd,  conj.,  though,  although,  yet,  even. 

cion,  g.,  -ceana,  m.,  a  share,  division,  portion,  quota. 

ciuin,  -e,  a.,  calm,  gentle,  quiet,  still,  mild,  placid. 


FIRST  IRISH  BOOK 


ciur,  -e,  a.,  perfect^  faultless,  quiet. 

clog,  g.y  cluig,  m.,  a  bell,  a  clock;  uair  an  chluig, 

hour  (of  the  clock). 
cloistin,  g.  id.,  m.,  a  closet,  dim.,  of  clos. 
clós,  act  of  hearing,  listening. 
clú,  g.  id.,  m.,  f.,  praise,  fame,  renown. 
cluas,  -aise,  -a.,  /.,  an  ear,  a  handle. 
cochán,  -áin,  m.,  straw. 
codlagh,  -dalta,  m.,  sleep,  act  of  sleeping, 
coillteach,  -tigh,  m.,  a  wooded  place. 
coinne,  g.  id.,  /.,  appointment,  a  meeting;  ós  coinne, 

opposite    or  over  against;   ni  déarfainn  id 

choinnibh,  /  am  inclined  to  agree  with  you. 
coir,  g.,  cora,  a.,  right,  power,  justice,  authority, 

honest. 
coirce,  g.  id.,  m.,  oats. 
cois  {dat.  of  cos,  /.,  a  foot),  beside,  close  by. 
coisin  (see  cos), 
coiste,  g.  id.,  m.,  a  coach. 
coiste,  g.  id.,  m.,  a  deliberative  body,  a  jury. 
coisrighthe,  a.,  blessed,  sanctified,  consecrated.  ^ 
col,  -a,  m.,  prohibition,  sin,  blood  relationship;  mo 

chol  ceathar,  my  first  cousin. 
coll,  g.,  cuill,  the  hazel  tree;  the  Irish  letter  c. 
comh  (coimh),  prefix,  together;  as,  so,  equally. 
comhairlighim,  -iughadh,  v.  tr.,  I  counsel,  advise, 

consult. 

comhnuidhe,  g.  id.,  /.,  a  dwelling,  a  rest,  an  abode. 
comhthrom,  -thruime,  a.,  equal,  level,  just,  even, 
cor,  g.,  cuirp,  m.,  a  corpse,  a  body. 


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FIRST  IRISH  BOOK 


COS,  g.,  -coise,  /.,  a  foot;  a  leg;  a  handle. 
crann,  g.,  ainn,  m.,  a  tree,  mast,  stave,  a  holt. 
creach,  g.,  creiche,  /.,  plunder,  booty;  mo  chreach, 
woe  is  me! 

crioch,  g.,  criche,  /.,    limit,  end,  region,  boundary, 
country. 

crodha  Qem.,  cro,  valor),  indie,  a.,  brave,  valiant, 

heroic,  mighty. 
croidhe,  g.  id.,  the  heart,  love,  affection. 
croidheachair,  -e,  a.,  kind-hearted,  clement. 
cruithneacht,  -a,  /.,  corn,  wheat. 
cruth,  g.,  crotha,  figure,  jorm,  shape,  appearance. 
CÚ,  g.,  and  dat.,  coin,  a  dog,  a  hound,  a  greyhound. 
cuan,  -uain,  m.,  a  haven,  a  harbor,  bay,  coast. 
cuid,  g.,  coda,  /.,  portion,  part,  share,  some.  Idiom 

—  mo  chuid  airgid,  my  money  (lit.,  my  share 
of  money. 

cuideachta,  g.,  tan,  /.,  company,  a  social  gathering. 
cuimhin,  /.,  memory,  remembrance,  recollection. 
cuimhnighim,  vL,  -iughadh,  v.  tr.,  I  remember,  recol- 
lect. 

cuir,  imper.  of  cuirim,  v.  tr.,  I  put,  place,  fix,  send, 

apply. 
cuirim  (see  cuir). 

CÚ1,  g.,  cuil,  m.,  the  back;  the  back  part  of  anything. 
cuma,  g.  id.,  /.,  form,  shape,  way,  figure.  Idiom 

—  is  cuma  dhom,  it  is  equal  to  me,  it  is  no  busi- 
ness of  mine. 

cuma,  a.,  indifferent,  equal,  all  the  same. 
cúmhacht,  -a,  /.,  power,  might,  authority. 


FIRST  IRISH  BOOK 


107 


cumhachtach,  -aigh,  m.,  a  mighty  person. 
cúpla,  g.  id.  J  m.,  a  jew,  a  pair^  a  couple,  twins. 

D 

dá,  conj.,  any,  if. 

áá,  two;  do,  when  used  with  noun  becomes  dá. 
da,  whatever,  however,  of  which,  of  what. 
daingean,  -gne,  a.,  strong,  fortified,  close,  secure, 
firm. 

dall,  -aille,  a.,  blind,  dull,  stupid,  ignorant,  puzzled. 
dam,  prep,  pro.,  to  me,  for  me. 
damhsadh,  g.  id.,  m.,  a  dance;  act  of  dancing. 
dana,  indie,  a.,  bold,  brave,  intrepid,  determined. 
daoi,  g.  id.,  a  fool,  a  dullard,  a  dunce,  a  clown. 
daoine,  m.,  a  man,  a  person,  people,  mankind;  daoine 

mora,  the  gentry. 
daor,  -oire,  a.,  dear,  costly,  expensive. 
daor,  -oir,  m.,  a  bondsman,  enslaved. 
deagh  (deigh-)  good,  excellent,  pleasing. 
dean,  2  s.  imper.  of  do-ghnim,  /  do,  etc. 
déanamh,  -nta,  m.,  act  of  doing,  making,  performing; 

ag  déanamh  tráith,  keeping  time. 
déanta,  part,  adj.,  done,  made,  developed. 
dear-  an  intensive  prefix. 
déar  (see  deor). 

dearbhtha,  p.  a.,  approved,  tried,  certain,  sure. 
deardhráthair,  g.,  bhráthar,  a  brother. 
dearfainn  (adeirim,  v.  tr.,  irreg.,  I  say,  utter,  tell. 
dearg,  -eirge,  a.,  red,  crimson,  ruddy;  Idiom  —  ar 
dearg  bhuile,  stark  mad,  in  a  terrible  rage. 


io8  FIRST  IRISH  BOOK 

deas,  -eise,  a.,  pretty,  haridsomey  lovely,  pleasant, 
nice. 

déideadh,  -nidh,  m,,  a  toothache. 

deifir,  g.,  freach,  /.,  haste,  a  difference,  a  dispute. 

déin,  towards. 

deir  (see  adeirim). 

deirbhshiúr,  /.,  sister. 

deireadh,  -ridh,  m.,  the  end,  the  last,  the  conclusion. 

deo,  g.  id.,  an  end,  the  last. 

deoch,  g.,  dighe,  a  drink,  a  draught. 

deor,  -oir,  -a,  m.,  a  tear,  a  drop  (of  water);  ni'l,  deor 

ann,  there  is  not  a  drop  in  it. 
Diag,  dé,  d.,  Dia,  voc,  a  Dhe,  and  a  Dhia,  God. 
dia,  m.,  a  day. 

Dia,  g.,  dé,  dat.,  Dia,  vac,  a  Dhe,  and  a  Dhia,  God. 
diallait,  -e,  /.,  a  saddle. 

dian,  gsj.,  deine,  a.,  vehement,  intense,  violent, 
severe. 

dibh  (dao  ibh),  prep,  pro.,  2  pi.,  to  you,  for  you, 
by  you,  of  you;  emphatic,  dibh-se. 

dibheartha,  p.  a.,  banished,  exiled,  excluded. 

dil,  -e,  a.,  dear,  beloved,  fond,  loyal. 

dfleas  (dflis,  gsf.  dflse),  a.,  dear,  fond,  loyal,  faith- 
ful, trustful. 

díoghbháil,  -ála,  /.,  injury,  damage,  destruction, 
harm. 

direach,  direct,  straight;  direach  domhan,  just  ex- 
actly. 

dlighe  (dligheadh),  g.  id.,  m.,  a  law,  regulation, 
ordinance,  right. 


FIRST  IRISH  BOOK 


109 


do,  prep.  to. 

do-  do-  (doi),  neg.  prefix,  ill-,  un-;  ojten  implies  diffi- 
ciiUy. 

do,  suhst.  form  of  numeral,  two;  an  do,  the  tivo. 
do,  prep,  pro.,  to  him,  to  it  {m.)  jor  him,  for  it. 
do-bheirim,  v.  irreg.  and  tr.,  I  give,  cause. 
do  chim,  V.  irreg.  tr.,  I  see;  do  chíteár  dam,  seems 
to  me. 

do  ghanim,  v.  irreg.  tr.,  I  make,  cause,  do,  create. 
docha,  -aighe,  a.,  likely,  probable,  rather. 
doibh,  prep,  pro.,  to  them,  for  tJiem. 
doigh,  -e,  /.,  manner,  fashion,  method,  way. 
dom,  prep,  pro.,  to  me,  for  me. 
donn,  gsf.,  duinne,  brown,  brown-Jmired. 
doras,  -ais,  m.,  a  door,  a  gate,  an  entrance. 
dos,  g.,  duis,  m.,  a  bush,  a  copse,  a  tuft;  froth, 
scum. 

dreolin,  g.  id.,  m.,  a  wren. 

droch  (droich),  bad  {used  only  in  tJie  first  part  of 

a  compound). 
dtáinig  (see  tigim). 

duibhe,  g.  id.,  blackness,  gloom,  darkness,  ink. 

dúil,  -e,  /.,  desire,  appetite,  longing,  fondness. 

duine,  g.  id.,  m.,  a  man,  person,  human  being,  m., 

people;  a  dhuine,  choir,  honest  man;  my  good 

sir. 

dúinn,  prep,  pro.,  to  us,  for  us. 

duit,  prep,  pro.,  2  s.,  to  thee,  for  thee. 

dul,  -a,  and  tha,  act  of  going,  getting,  securing. 

dún,  g.,  dúin,  and  dúna,  a  fortress,  castle. 


no  FIRST  IRISH  BOOK 

E 

é,  pers.  pro.,  he  it;  in  nom.  and  accics.;  is  é,  it  is  he. 
é!  inter] .  expressing  u'onder,  griej. 
éa,  neg.  prefix,  as  éagcóir,  injustice. 
éadach  cadáis,  in.,  calico. 

eadan,  -ain,  w.,  face,  the  forehead;  n-éadan,  against. 
eallach,  -aigh,  nr.,  cattle  of  any  kind,  belonging  to  a 
herd. 

éan,  g.,  éin,  ?n.,  a  bird,  a  fowl. 

eibhleog,  -oige,  -oga,  /.,  a  spark,  the  lightning  flash; 
embers. 

éigin  (éicin),  some,  certain,  a  sort  of. 
eile,  other,  another. 
éirghe  (see  éirghim). 

éirghim,  v.  inter.,  I  rise,  mount  up.  proceed,  depart, 

journey. 
éirighidh  (see  éirghim). 
eolach,  -aighe,  a.,  learned,  skilled,  scientiflc. 
eolas,  -ais,  m.,  knouiedge.  skill,  information. 
eis  (eas),  prefix  implying  repetition;  re-  back,  again. 
éist/    hush!   list!  silence! 

F 

fá  (fé,  fó,  fadi),  prep.,  under,  about,  throughout, 

concerning,  for. 
faca  {see  do  chim). 
fad,  -aid,  m.,  length,  as  long  as,  far. 
fada,  com  p.,  faide,  long;  far,  far  off,  distant. 


FIRST  IRISH  BOOK  iii 

fág,  -áige,  -ága,     a  wave. 

fághail  (faghbháil),  g.,  ála,  and  álta,  /.,  act  of  finding, 
getting. 

faghaim,  ^'/.,  faghail,  irreg.  v.  tr.,  I  get,  etc. 

fagaim,  v.  tr.,  and  intr.,  I  leave,  quit,  desert,  abandan. 

faide,  g.  id.,  f.,  length. 

fáidh,  g.  id.,  and  -e,  m.,  a  prophet,  a  seer,  a  poet,  a 

learned  man. 
fáilte,  g.  id.,  /.,  greeting,  salutation,  welcome. 
faire,  inter j.,  for  shame;  also,  what  a  pity. 
faire,  g.  id.,  act  of  watching,  guarding. 
fairrce,  g.  id.,  /.,  a  sea,  a  wave,  brine. 
fan  (see  fanaim). 

fanacht,  -a,  /.,  act  of  remaining,  staying,  stopping, 
waiting. 

fanaim,  v.  intr.,  I  remain,  stop,  stay,  dwell. 
faoi,  prep,  pro.,  under  it,  under  him. 
faoil  -fhleasc,  m.,  a  ridge  or  verge;  the  spine. 
feabhas,  -ais,  m.,  excellence,  goodness,  good,  superior- 
ity. 

féachaim,  -chaint,  v.  tr.,  and  intr.    I  look  on,  look 
at,  examine. 

feadh,  m.,  space,  extent,  length,  duration,  cmitinu- 
ance. 

fear,  g.,  fir,  m.,  a  nmn,  a  husband. 
féar,  g.,  féir,  m.,  grass,  hay. 
fearamhail,  -mhla,  a.,  manly,  brave. 
fearg,  g.,  feirge,  /.,  anger,  wrath,  fury. 
fearglach,  -aighe,  a.,  angry,  wrathfid,  fierce,  passion- 
ate. 


119 


FIRST  IRISH  BOOK 


fearr,  better;  comp.  of  maith,  good. 
fearthain,  g.,  -thana,  /.,  act  of  raining;  rain. 
fheadog  (fiodh,  g.,  -a  and  feadha),  a  plover,  wood- 
cock, wood  hen. 
féasóg,  -óige,  -óga,      a  beard. 
feicim  (see  do-chim). 
feicsint,  g.,  -e,  /.,  act  oj  seeing. 
féin,  emphat.  pro.,  own,  self;  ei'en. 
feis,  -e,  /.,  a  festival,  a  convention,  a  session. 
feoil,  -ola,  -olta,  /.,  flesh;  meat. 
feolmhar,  -aire,  a.,  fleshly,  carnal. 
feor,  poet,  for  féar,  {which  see.) 
feuch  (see  féacham)  lo!  Behold! 
féur  (féar,  g.,  féir),  m.,  grass,  hay. 
feusoig  (see  feásóg). 

fiabhras,  -ais,  m.,  a  fever;  fiabhras  creathach,  an 
ague. 

fiadh,  g.,  fiaidh,  m.,  a  deer,  a  stag. 

fiadhnaise,  g.  id.,  f.,  before  {with  gen.),  witness, 
presence,  testimony. 

fiche,  ad,  /.,  twenty,  a  score. 

file,  g.,  leadh,  m.,  a  poet,  a  professor. 

finn,  -fea,  -feadh,  pass;  -fidhe,  would. 

fion,  -a,  -ta,  m.,  wine. 

fionn,  gsf.,  fair,  pale,  pure,  white. 

fior,  -ire,  a.,  true,  real,  honest,  faith  fid,  loyal. 

fior,  -uisce,  m.,  pure,  or  fresh  water,  spring  water. 

fios,  g.,  feasa,  m.,  knowledge,  information,  intelli- 
gence, idiom  —  ni  fhuil  (a)  fhios  agam.  /  do 
not  know  {lit.,  its  knowledge  is  not  at  me). 


FIRST  IRISH  BOOK 


"3 


firin,  g.  id.  m.,  a  little  nmn,  a  mannikin. 

fiu,  m.j  worth,  price,  equivalent. 

flaith,  g.,  flatha,  in.,  a  prince,  a  chief,  a  lord,  a  hero. 

flaitheamhail,  -amhla,  a.,  princely,  generous. 

fliuch,  -iche,  a.,  moist,  wet,  damp,  juicy. 

fliuchuigheadh  (see  fliuch). 

focal,  g.,  focail,  m.,  a  word,  a  saying,  a  phrase. 

fochair,  /.,  proximity,  presence,  company. 

foighid  (foighne),  g.  id.,  f.,  patience. 

foil,  in.,  go  foil,  yet,  still. 

foirim,  V.  intr.,  I  help,  save,  deliver,  relieve,  succor. 

fóiríor  (see  fáríor),  inter j.  also? 

foUáin,  -e,  a.,  sound,  wholesome,  healthy. 

fos,  ad.,  also,  too,  moreover,  yet,  still,  besides. 

fos,  m.,  a  prop.,  buttress,  wall. 

fosta  (fost),  ad.,  also,  too,  in  addition  to. 

freagraim,  -gra,  v.  tr.,  and  inter.,  I  answer,  reply  to, 

respond. 
frid,  prep.,  -tré,  though. 
fuacht,  -a,  m.,  cold,  chilliness. 
fuair,  3  s.,  pf.,  of  do-gheibhim,  /  find. 
fuar,  -aire,  a.,  cold,  chilly,  bleak,  uninviting,  raw, 
fuaramar  (see  faghaim). 
fud,  throughout,  all  over,  through,  among. 
full,  g.,  fola,  /.,  blood,  gore;  a  family,  tribe. 
furusa  (fura),  comp.  of  furas,  easy. 
fusa,  comp.  of  furas,  easy. 


114  FIRST  IRISH  BOOK 

G 

gabhaim,  v.  tr.^  and  inter.,  I  take,  receive,  seize,  appre- 
hend. 

gabhal,  g.,  gaibhle,  m.,  and  j.,  a  }ork,  pitchfork, 

an  opening  creek. 
gabhar,  -air,  m.,  a  goat. 

gach,  g.,  gacha,  adj.  pro.,  each,  every;  gach  uile, 
every. 

Gaedhilge,  /.,  the  Irish  language,  Gaelic. 
gaibhtheach,  -thighe,  complaining,  bothersome,  queru- 
lous. 

gairghean,  niece. 

galar,  -air,  m.,  disease,  sickness,  illness. 
gall,  g.,  gaill  and  goill,  m.,  a  foreigner. 
gan,  prep.,  without,  only,  neither;  gan  airgead,  with- 
out money. 

gann,  gsf.  gainne,  a.,  scarce,  scanty,  empty,  small, 
short,  tight. 

gaol,  g.,  gaoil,  m.,  relationship,  kindred,  family. 

gar,  m.,  nearness,  proximity. 

garbh,  -airbhe,  a.,  rough,  rugged,  coarse,  rude. 

garg,  -airge,  a.,  fierce,  rough,  cruel. 

gé,  though,  although. 

geal,  gsf.,  gile,  a.,  white,  bright,  fair,  good. 
ghelach  (gealach,  -aighe,  acha)  /.,  the  moon. 
geall,  g.,  gill,  m.,  a  promise,  pledge,  regard,  love. 
gear,  -éire,  a.,  sharp,  sour,  bitter,  acute,  severe. 
gearr,  gsf.,  giorra,  a.,  short,  near,  abridged. 
géillim,  -leadh,  v.  inter.  I  obey,  serve,  do  homage  to. 


FIRST  IRISH  BOOK 


géis,  -e,  -eanna,  /.,  a  tribute,  a  gift. 

geit,  -e,  /.,  fright,  start,  a  jump;  dc  gheit,  suddenly. 

geur  (see  géar). 

gidh,  conj.,  though,  although,  yet,  howbeit. 

gidheadh,  conj.,  though,  although,  however,  yet. 

gile,  g.  id.,  whiteness,  brightness,  a  fair  one. 

giolla,  g.  id.,  m.,  servant,  attendant,  lad,  page,  a  guide. 

giorra,  comp.  of  gearr,  nearer,  shorter. 

glan,  gsf.,  a.,  clean,  pure,  bright,  innocent. 

glaodhaim,  v.  intr.  and  tr.,  I  call,  shout,  cry,  cry  out. 

glas,  -aise,  a.,  green,  verdant,  bright,  grey. 

glé,  indie,  a.,  clear,  bright,  pure,  perfect. 

gloir,  -e.,  /.,  glory,  fame,  renown. 

glormhar,  -aire,  a.,  glorious,  famous,  renowned. 

go,  prep.,  to,  towards,  unto,  up  to,  until,  during,  that. 

go,  prep.,  with,  along  with. 

go,  conj.,  that,  so  that,  until. 

goire,  g.  id.,  /.,  nearness,  contiguity. 

goirm,  -orma,  /.,  choice,  a  term   of  endearment; 

ghoirm  thú,  bravo! 
gol,  g.,  guil,  m.,  act  of  weeping,  crying. 
gorm,  g.,  guirm,  m.,  blue. 
gormach,  g.,  goirmhic,  m.,  a  nephew,  grandson. 
gort,  g.,  guirt,  m.,  a  field,  garden,  cornfield. 
grádh,  a.,  -a,  and  áidh,  m.,  love,  affection,  trust. 
gráin,  g.,  gránach,  /.,  hatred,  dislike,  aversion. 
gráineamhail,  -mhla,  a.,  odious,  hateful,  ugly. 
gráinne,  g.  id.,  m.,  a  small  particle;  a  small  quantity, 

a  grain. 

gránda  (gránna),  ugly,  hideous,  hateful,  horrid. 


ii6  FIRST  IRISH  BOOK 

granna  (see  granda). 

greann,  g.,  grinn,  w.,  fun,  mirth,  sport,  humor. 

greannamhail,  -mhla,  a.,  pleasant. 

greim,  g.,  greama,  m.,  a  hold,  grip;  a  bite,  mouthful, 

piece,  slice. 
grian,  g.,  gréine,  /.,  the  sun. 
guirt,  -e,  a.,  salt,  sour,  bitter,  painful. 
gur,  pres.  and  past  of  v.  is,  that  it  is,  that  it  was. 

I 

i,  prep.,  in,  into,  on,  upon;  i  bhfiadhnaise,  in  the 

presence  of. 
Í,  per.  pro.,  she,  her,  it. 
Í,  or  UÍ,  g.,  of  6,  ua,  m.,  grandson,  descendant. 
iad,  they,  them;  emphat.,  iad-san,  iad-so,  these. 
iar,  prep.,  after. 

iarann,  -ainn,  m.,  iron;  a  smoothing  iron. 
iarraim,  vl.,  iarraidh,  v.  tr.,  I  ask,  ask  for,  seek,  de- 
mand. 

iasc,  g.,  éisc,  m.,  a  fish,  fish. 
iasg  (see  iasc). 
id',  in  thy. 

idir,  prep.,  between,  among. 

.impidhe,  g.  id.,  /.,  prayer,  supplication,  intercession, 

entreaty. 
impighim  (see  impidhe). 

imtheacht,  -a,  /.,  act  of  going,  departing,  proceeding. 
imthighim,  v.  intr.,  I  go,  go  away,  set  out,  depart. 
in-  (ion-),  prefix,  denoting  fitness,  aptitude,  etc. 


FIRST  IRISH  BOOK 


117 


indé,  yesterday. 

inis,  g.,  inse,  /.,  an  island;  a  river  hank. 

innti  (see  inte). 

inte  (innte),  prep,  pro.,  in  her. 

iomaithbhear,  -bhir,  m.,  act  of  rebuking,  reproaching. 
iomdha,  comp.,  lia,  many,  much,  abundant,  numerous. 
iomlán,  -áin,  m.,  the  entire,  the  li'hole  of,  all. 
ion-  prefix,  aptitude,  fitness,  worthiness. 
iona,  tJmi,  nor. 

ionánn,  -ainne,  a.,  the  same,  identical,  equal,  alike. 
iongnadh,  g.,  -aidh,  and  -ganta,  a  wonder,  surprise, 
marvel. 

ionmhain,  com  p.,  ionmhaine,  a.,  dear,  beloved,  cour- 
teous. 

ionmhuin  (see  ionmhain). 

iosal  (see  iseal). 

is,  verb  of  simple  assertion. 

ise,  emphatic  form  of  i,  she,  herself,  itself. 

iseal,  -sle,  a.,  low,  low-lying,  humble,  secret. 

isiol  (see  islighim). 

islighim,  -iughadh,  v.  tr.,  I  cast  down,  humble,  lower, 
ithe,  g.,  ithte,  /.,  act  of  eating,  eating  food. 

L 

lá,  g.,  lae,  m.  poet,  laoi,  m.,  a  day,  often  one  day,  once. 

lá  n-aon,  aon  lá  amháin,  one  day,  once  upon  a 

time;  la  saoire,  a  holiday. 
labhairt,  -bhartha,  /.,  act  of  speaking,  speech,  a 

saying. 


ii8  FIRST  IRISH  BOOK 

labhraim,  vL,  labhairt,  v.  tr.,  and  intr.,  I  speak, 

talk,  say. 
labhrann  {see  labhraim). 
laethe  (pL,  oj  lá,  g.,  lae),  days. 
láidir,  gsj.,  láidre,  strong,  power }id,  prm,  stout. 
láimh  {ds.,  oj  lamh,  a  hand),  láimh  le,  near  to,  at 

hand. 

lámh,  g.,  láimhe,  /.,  a  hand,  an  arm,  a  Jiandle. 

lán,  g.,  láin,  m.,  abundance,  plenty,  the  jull  oj,  much. 

Idiom  —  a  lán  daoine,  a  lot  {lit.,  its  jull)  oj 

people. 

láthair,  presence,  company;  place,  site,  spot. 
le,  prep.,  with,  along  with,  by,  through,  at. 
leabhar,  -air,  m.,  a  book. 
leagha  (see  leigheas). 

leadartha  (leadrath,  -dartha),  m.,  striking,  tearing, 
cutting. 

léan,  g.,  léin,  7n.,  woe,  griej,  sorrow,  affliction. 
leanbh,  g.,  leinbh,  m.,  a  child,  a  baby,  a  term  oj  en- 
dearment. 

lear,  g.,  lir,  m.,  the  sea,  the  surjace  oj  the  sea. 

léar  (léir,  -e),  a.,  visible,  plain,  clear,  open,  man i jest. 

leat,  prep,  pro,,  3  s.,  with  thee,  by  thee. 

leath,  g.,  leithe,  /.,  a  halj;  part,  a  piece. 

leathan,  gsj.,  leithne,  a.,  wide,  broad. 

lei  (léithe),  prep,  pro.,  3  s.  /.,  with  her. 

leigheas,   -ghis,   m.,   medicine,   remedy,   cure;  fear 

leighis,  doctor. 
léighidh  (see  leigim). 

leigim,  V.  tr.,  I  let,  suffer,  permit,  allow,  leave,  give. 


FIRST  IRISH  BOOK 


119 


léim,  -e,  -eanna,  /.,  a  leap,  a  jump,  a  hound,  a  start. 
léir,  an  adj.  used  adverbially;  go  léir,  entirely,  alto- 
gether. 

leis,  prep,  pro.,  3  s.  m.,  with  him,  it;  at,  to  or  by  him. 
léithise  (see  léi). 

leor,  indec.  a.,  enough,  plenty,  sufficient. 
liagh,  g.,  leagha,  m.,  a  physician,  a  surgeon. 
linn,  prep,  pro.,  1  pL,  with  us. 
línéadach,  -aigh,  -aighe,  m.,  linen  cloth. 
liom,  prep,  pro.,  with  me,  by  me. 
lion,  g.,  lin,  m.,  a  number,  quantity,  a  supply. 
lionmhar,  -mhaire,  a.,  numerous,  abundant,  plenti- 
ful. 

loch,  -a,  m.,  lake,  lough,  pool,  sea,  inlet. 

lorn,  gsj.,  luime,  a.,  bald,  naked. 

Ion,  g.,  luin,  m.,  a  blackbird. 

Ion,  g.,  loin,  m.,  store,  provision,  food,  necessaries. 

long,  g.,  luinge,  /.,  a  ship;  long-phort,  a  shore,  a 

camp,  a  haven. 
luach,  g.,  luaig  and  luacha,         a  price,  reward, 

value. 

lúb,  g.,  lúibe,  /.,  a  loop,  an  entanglement,  a  hasp. 
luch,  g.,  luiche,  a  mouse;  luch  fhranncach,  a  rat. 
luighe,  g.  id.,  act  of  lying  down,  reclining. 
lúth,  g.,  lúith  and  lútha,  m.,  strength,  vigor,  activity, 
power. 


I20 


FIRST  IRISH  BOOK 


M 

má,  can].,  if. 

madadh,  -aidh,  a  dog. 

madra,  g.  id.,  a  dog,  a  irmstifj. 

maidin,  -dne,  -dneacha,  morning. 

máilin,  g.  id.,  m.,  a  Utile  bag  or  sack. 

mairim,  v.  tr.,  and  intr.,  I  live,  exist;  go  mairir  i 

bhfad,  long  life  to  you. 
máiseadh,  if  so,  then,  therefore,  well. 
mhaise,  inter j.,  well!    Yet,  wnthout. 
mhias  {mm,  g.,  mé  ise),  /.,  a  dish,  a  plate,  a  platter. 
mhna  (mna,  g.,  and  pi.,  of  bean),  a  woman. 
maith,  -e,  comp.,  feárr,  a.,  good,  prime,  excellent,  well. 

Idiom  —  go  raibh  maith  agat,  thank  you  {lit., 

may  good  he  at  you). 
maitheas,  -theasa,  m.,  and  f.,  goodness;  a  good  thing. 
mala,  g.  id.,  f.,  a  brow,  an  eyebrow;  the  brow  of  a 

hill. 

mála,  g.  id.,  m.,  a  bag,  a  mail,  a  budget. 
mallacht,  -a,  /.,  act  of  cursing;  a  curse,  a  malediction. 
maoin,  -e,  /.,  wealth,  property,  substance,  means, 
goods,  riches. 

mar,  pep.  conj.,  adv.,  like  to,  as,  for,  since,  how, 

when,  where. 
márach,  to-morrow. 
más  (má  is),  if  it  be,  if  so. 

máthair,  g.,  -thar,  /.,  a  mother;  a  cause,  a  source. 
mé,  per.  pro.,  I,  me;  mé  féin,  myself,  I  myself. 
meadhgamhail,  -mhla,  a.,  whey-like,  serous,  diluted. 
méar,  g.,  méir  and  meoir,  m.,  a  finger,  a  toe. 


FIRST  IRISH  BOOK  121 

meas,  -a,  m.,  act  of  thinking,  judging,  esteem,  regard, 
respect. 

measa,  worse,  comp.,  oj  olc,  bad. 
measaim,  v.  tr.,  I  think,  deem,  fancy,  judge,  consider, 
value. 

méid,  -e,  m.,  an  amount,  a  quantity,  size;  cá  mhéid? 

how  much?  how  many? 
mi  (mio),  neg.  prefix,  evil,  bad. 
mi,  g.,  miora,  /.,  month. 

mian,  g.,  méine,  /.,  desire,  wish,  mind,  a  mind 
to. 

mil,  g.,  meala,  honey;  mi  na  meala,  honeymoon. 

mile,  g.  id.,  m.,  a  thousand. 

milliúm,  -úin,  a  million. 

milseacht,  -a,  /.,  sweetness,  enticement. 

min,  -e,  /.,  ineal,  flour. 

min,  -e,  a.,  smooth,  fine,  soft,  tame,  gentle. 

mios,  g.,  -a,  a  mouth. 

miotog,  -oige,  -oga,  /.,  a  bit,  a  pinch. 

mire,  g.  id.,  /.,  madness,  fury,  vehemence. 

mis,  g.j  -e,  /.,  a  part,  share,  a  portion. 

mo,  poss.  pro.,  my. 

moin,  g.,  mona,  /.,  a  mountain,  an  extensive  common, 
a  bog. 

moirchion,  m.,  great  love  or  esteem. 
mor,  gsf.,  moire,  a.,  great,  big,  large,  much,  mighty. 
mórán,  -áin,  m.,  a  great  deal,  much,  many,  a  great 
many. 

muic-fheoil,  -ola,  /.,  pork,  bacon,  swine-flesh. 
muin,  -e,  -idhe,  /.,  the  neck'  back. 


122 


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muinntear  (muinntir),  -tire,  /.,  people,  folk,  family, 
tribe. 

muirnin,  g.  id.,  m.,  a  sweetheart;  a  term  oj  endear- 
ment. 

muna,  conj.,  with,  if  not,  unless,  muna  mbeadh,  but, 
for. 

N 

ná,  neg.  part.,  not,  do  not. 
ná,  conj.,  nor,  neither. 

'ná,  for  ioná,  than;  used  after  comparatives. 

nach,  conj.,  (eclipses),  that  not;  6  nach,  since  not. 

nach,  rel.  pro.,  which  not. 

náire,  g.  id.,  f.,  shame,  confusion,  bashfulness,  mod- 
esty. Idiom  —  tá  náire  an  tsaoghail  air,  he  is 
greatly  ashamed  (lit.,  the  shame  of  the  world  is 
an  him. 

neach,  indie,  indef.  pro.,  one,  some  one,  any  one, 

any  person,  with  neg.,  no  one. 
nead,  g.,  nide,  m.,  and  /.,  a  nest,  a  lair. 
néall,  g.,  neill  and  neoill,  m.,  a  cloud. 
néallach,  -aighe,  cloudy. 
neamh  (neimh-),  neg.  prefix,  not. 
neart,  g.,  nirt,  m.,  strength,  might,  power,  dominion. 
neul  (néall). 
neulach  (see  néallach). 
ní,  not;  ni  maith  é,  it  is  not  good. 
nidh,  g.,  nidhe,  a  jot,  a  part  of  anything,  a  thing. 
nior  (ni  +  ro),  not. 


FIRST  IRISH  BOOK 


123 


nios  (nidh-sa),  somewhat  more,  greater,  longer,  jar- 
ther. 

no,  conj.,  or,  either,  otherwise;  no  go,  until. 
noch,  indec.  rel.  pro.,  who,  which,  that. 
noimid  (nóimit),  g.  id.,  a  minute,  a  moment. 
noin,  -ona,  /.,  noon,  evening;  bruach  nóna,  evening. 
nos,  g.,  nois,  m.,  a  custom,  a  jashion,  a  habit. 
nuadh  (nua),  -aidhe,  a.,  new,  fresh,  recent,  modern. 
nuair,  an  uair,  when, 

O 

0,  conj.,  since,  because;  6  nach,  since   .    .    .  not, 
obair,  g.,  oibre,  /.,  work,  labor,  a  task. 
obann,  gs}.,  oibne  and  obainne,  a.,  sudden,  quick, 
hasty. 

ocras,  -air,  m.,  hunger,  greed,  starvation. 

og,  gsf.,  óige,  a.,  young,  youthful,  junior,  small. 

oglach  (oglaoch),  -aigh,  m.,  a  servant,  a  vassal; 
a  youth. 

oidhche,  g.  id.,  night. 

oile,  other,  another,  any  other. 

oir,  conj.,  for,  because,  since. 

olc,  g.,  uilc,  m.,  evil,  harm,  misfortune,  spite,  bad. 

olcas,  -ais,  m.,  badness,  hatred;  dul  in-olcas,  grow- 
ing worse. 

or,  g.,  óir,  m.,  gold. 

orna  (eorna),  /.,  barley. 

ort,  prep,  pro.,  2  s.,  on  thee, 

6s  (uas),  above,  over,  upon. 


134  FIRST  IRISH  BOOK 

P 

padhail,  -e,     a  name  for  an  old  cow  (sean-phadhail, 
i.  d.) 

páirc,  -e,  -eanna,  /.,  a  field,  a  pasture,  a  park. 

páirt,  -e,  -eanna,  /.,  a  part,  a  portion,  a  piece,  a  share. 

páiste,  g.  id.,  m.,  a  child,  a  babe,  a  little  child. 

paistin  (see  páiste). 

párdun,  -úin,  pardon,  forgiveness. 

pasaiste,  g.  id.,  m.,  a  passage,  a  pathway. 

peann,  g.,  pinn,  m.,  a  writing  pen;  peann  luaidhe, 

a  lead  pencil. 
péire,  g.  id.,  m.,  a  pair,  a  couple,  a  brace. 
péisteog,  -oige,  /.,  a  little  worm. 
pian,  g.,  peine,  /.,  pain,  punishment,  pang,  torment. 
pighinn,  g.,  pighne,  /.,  a  penny. 
pog,  -oige,  -oga,  f.,  a  kiss. 
port,  g.,  puirt,  m.,  a  shore,  a  bank. 
príobhaíd,  -de,  /.,  privacy,  secrecy. 
proinn,  -ne,  -nidhe,  /.,  a  meal,  a  dinner,  food;  céad 

phroinn,  breakfast. 
púnt,  g.,  púint,  7n.,  a  pound  {in  weight),  a  pound 

sterling. 
púnta  (see  púnt). 

putóg,  -óige,  -óga,  /.,  a  pudding,  an  intestine. 


FIRST  IRISH  BOOK  «5 

R 

rádh,  g.,  ráidh,  m.,  act  of  speaking,  saying,  telling, 
repeating. 

rath,  -a,  m.,  success,  good  fortune,  good  luck,  pros- 
perity. 

ráth,  g.,  ráithe,  /.,  a  poet,  an  artificial  mound,  a 
hurroiv. 

ré,  g.  id.  f.,  time,  a  life-time,  a  period. 
réim,  -e,  -eanna,      power,  authority,  fame,  a  posi- 
tion. 

réir,  dark,  black;  darkness;  a  réir,  last  night. 
réir,  -e  {nom.  of  riar),  rule,  authority,  will;  do  réir, 
according  to. 

ri,  g.,  riogh  and  righ,  a  king,  a  sovereign,  a  prince. 
riaghalta,   a.,   regularly,    ordered;  mná  riaghalta, 
nuns. 

riar,  g.,  réire,  /.,  will,  desire,  pleasure;  rule,  govern- 
ment, authority. 

riar,  g.,  -réir  and  -rtha,  m.,  act  of  serving,  attending, 
dividing. 

rinne,  righne  (do-ghnim). 

ro,  prefix,  much,  very,  great,  exceeding,  very 
much. 

rod,  g.,  roid,  m.,  a  road,  a  way,  a  path,  a  passage. 
rogha,  g.,  -an,  /.,  a  choice,  a  selection,  option,  the 
best. 

roimh,  prep.,  before,  in  front  of,  to,  for,  from. 

ros,  g.,  rois,  m.,  a  rose. 

ruadh,  -aidhe,  a.,  red,  reddish,  red-haired. 


136 


FIRST  IRISH  BOOK 


rud,  g.y  ruid  and  roda,  a  thing,  an  affair,  a  circum- 
stance. 

rug,  perfect  tense,  ^  s.,  oj  beirim,  /  bear,  take,  carry, 
being, 

S 

sac,  g.,  saic,  a  sack,  a  bag;  sackcloth. 
sacsain,  -an,  /.,  England. 
sacsanach  {see  sasanach). 
sagart,  -airt,  m.,  a  priest;  sagart  og,  a  curate. 
sagartoid,  -e,  -eacha,  /.,  a  parish. 
saith,  -e.,  /.,  enough  of,  sufficiency,  a  sufficient  quan- 
tity. 

sal,  g.,  sail,  m.,  impurity,  pollution,  fi^lth,  dirt,  dross. 

sál,  g.,  sáile,  /.,  the  heel. 

samhain,  -mhna,  /.,  all  Hallowtide. 

san,  's  an,  def.  art.,  the. 

saoghal,  -ghail  m.,  life,  lifetime,  age,  generation. 
saoi,  g.  id.,  a  sage,  a  scholar,  a  man  of  letters,  a  sav- 
ant. 

saoirre,  g.  id.,  /.,  freedom,  deliverance,  release. 
saoradh,  m.,  acquittal,  act  of  redeeming,  ransoming. 
saothar,  -air,  m.,  toil,  trouble,  work,  labor. 
sar,  prefix,  very,  most,  exceeding,  excessive,  excellent. 
sasanach,  -aighe,  English,  Protestant. 
scail  (scáile,  g.  id.,),  /.,  a  cloud,  a  shadow,  shade. 
scéal,  -eil,  -eoil,  m.,  a  story,  a  tale,  a  legend. 
scian,  g.,  seine,  /.,  a  knife,  a  dagger;  scian  fhada, 
a  sword. 


FIRST  IRISH  BOOK 


127 


scilling,  -e,  a  shilling;  scilling  albanach,  a  penny. 

scoil,  g.^  -e,  a  school;  árd-scoil,  high  school,  acad- 
emy, college. 

scor,  -oir,  w.,  a  scar,  a  cut,  a  mark,  a  notch. 

sé,  per.  pro.,  3  siyig,  m.,  he,  it. 

sé  =  is  é,  it  is  he,  he  is,  it  is  it,  it  is. 

seachrán,  -áin,  m.,  the  act  oj  wandering,  straying. 

seachtmhain,  -e,     a  week,  seven  days. 

sean,  sine,  a.,  old,  aged,  ancient;  sean-bhean,  an  old 
woman. 

seasadh  (seasamh), 

seasamh,  g.,  -aimh,  m.,  act  oj  standing,  rising  up. 
seilbh,  g.,  bhe,  possession,  inheritance. 
séimh,  -e,  a.,  mild,  delicate,  modest,  tender,  quiet,  gentle. 
seisear,  -sir,  m.,  six  persons;  mo  chol  seisear,  7ny 

second  cousin. 
seo  (so),  this;  this  place,  here. 
seod,  g.,  oid,  m.  and  /.,  a  jewel,  a  precious  stone. 
seol,  -oil,  -olta,  m.,  a  sail,  a  loom. 
sgeul  (scéal,  -eil,  -eoil,  m.,  a  story,  a  tale,  a  legend. 
sgianso  (see  scian). 
si,  per.  pro.,  /.,  she,  it. 
siad,  per.  pro.,  they,  them. 
siad,  so,  emphat.  pro.,  these. 
siad  soin,  emphat.  pro.,  those. 

siad  súd,  emphat.  pro.,  you,  yonder  {persons  or 

things). 
sibh,  per.  pro.,  pi.,  ye,  you. 

sin  (soin,  sain),  that,  those,  used  ajter  the  article  and 
sub. 


128 


FIRST  IRISH  BOOK 


sin  (sion,  g.,  sine),  weather,  a  season,  storm,  rain, 
sinn,  per.  pro.,  we,  us;  sinne,  ourselves,  we  ourselves, 
sioda,  g.  id.,  silk. 

siol,  g.,  SÍ1,  m.,  seed,  issue,  progeny,  race,  tribe,  pos- 
terity. 

sion,  g.,  sine,  /.,  weather,  a  season;  storm,  rain. 
sios,  ad.,  down,  downward,  below,  following. 
sise,  sisi,  emphat.  pro.,  she,  herself. 
siubhal,  -ail,  m.,  the  act  of  walking,  moving,  a  journey, 
slacht,  -aicht,  m.,  good  appearance,  neatness,  trim- 
ness. 

slaaghdán  (slaodán,  -ain),  m.,  a  cold,  a  hoarseness, 
sláinte,  g.  id.,  /.,  health,  healing,  soundness,  salva- 
tion. 

slaitin,  g.  id.,  a  sprig,  a  twig,  a  little  stick. 

slán,  g.,  sláin,  m.,  safety,  guarantee,  protection,  chal- 
lenge; slán  leat  (sing.),  farewell. 

slán,  -áine,  a.,  whole,  healthy,  secure,  safe,  sound,  * 
well,  complete. 

sliabh,  g.,  -sléibhe,  m.,  a  mountain. 

sneachta,  g.  id.,  m.,  snow,  sleet,  hail. 

so,  this,  sometimes,  these;  ag  sed,  here,  here  is,  see  here. 

so-,  prefix,  implying  ease,  facility,  fitness,  goodness. 

socair,  -era,  a.,  quiet,  safe,  easy,  comfortable. 

soilleir  (see  soillseach). 

soillseach,  -sighe,  a.,  bright,  shining,  transparent. 
soin,  this,  that;  6  shoin,  since  then. 
soir,  a.  and  ad.,  forward,  over,  east,  eastern. 
soirbhighim,  -iughadh,  v.  tr.,  I  prosper,  succeed, 
thrive. 


FIRST  IRISH  BOOK 


129 


solas,  -air, -oillse,  WL,  light,  knowledge^  enlightenment, 

son,  w.,  sake,  account,  cause,  behalf. 

sona,  indec.  a.,  fortunate ,  happy,  prosperous,  lucky. 

speal,  g.,  -eile,  /.,  a  scythe,  a  mowing  hook. 

spéir,  -re,  -éartha,  /.,  sky,  firmament,  heaven. 

sráid,  g.,  -e,  /.,  a  street. 

srian,  g.,  -riain,  -réin,  m.,  a  bridle,  a  bit,  a  curb. 
sruth,  -srotha,  m.,  a  stream,  a  river,  a  fountain,  a 
flood. 

suairc,  -e,  a.,  pleasant,  civil,  kind,  gentle. 

súd,  that,  you,  yonder,  lo?    iad  súd,  they. 

sugainn  (see  chughainn). 

súgh,  -a,  m.,  juice  or  sap;  a  grape  or  berry. 

suidhe,  g.  id.,  act  of  sitting,  a  seat;  a  couch;  op- 
posed' to  lyiftg  down. 

suil,  -e,  /.,  the  willow  tree;  the  same  of  the  letter  s. 

súil,  -e,  3  pi.,  SÚ1,  /.,  an  eye,  expectation,  hope. 
Idiom  —  tá  súil  agam,  /  hope;  ag  súil  leis, 
expecting  him. 

T 

tá,  V.  irreg.,  (see  atáim),  am,  art,  is,  are;  tá  se  air 

agam,  /  have  to,  I  must;  tá  fúm,  /  intend  to. 
táim  (see  atáim). 

taithmghim  (taitnim-neamh,  v.  intr.),  I  shine,  I 

please. 
thainic  (see  tigim). 
thainig  (see  tigim). 

tall,  adv.,  on  the  other  side,  beyond,  over,  yonder. 


FIRST  IRISH  BOOK 


tamall,  -aill,  w.,  a  space  of  time,  a  while. 
tamhnach,  -aigh,  -aighe,  m.,  a  green  field,  a  culti- 
vated spot. 

tamhuighim,  -ughadh,  v.  tr.,  I  cause,  bring  about. 
taoibh  (see  atáim). 

tar,  prep.,  beyond,  over,  across,  above,  past,  by, 
through. 

tarrac,  -aicthe  and  -aic,  m.,  act  of  drawing,  pulling. 
taráchair,  -chra,      an  augur. 

tart,  g.,  tairt,  m.,  thirst,  drought;  Idiom  —  tá  tart 
mor  orm,  /  am  thirsty  {lit.,  great  thirst  is  on  me.) 

tart  (thart),  prep,  pro.,  2  sing.,  beyond,  over,  across ^ 
round,  through. 

thart  timcheall,  round  about. 

tasg,  a  task. 

tásg,  a  report,  rumor. 

te,  gsj.  and  comp.,  teo  or  teogha,  a.,  hot,  warm, 
passionate. 

té,  an  té,  he  who,  the  individual  who,  the  person  who. 

teach,  g.,  tighe,  m.,  a  house,  a  mansion. 

teacht,  -a,  m.  and  }.,  act  of  coming,  arrival,  approach. 

téad,  g.,  téide,  /.,  a  string,  a  rope,  a  cord. 

teagaim  (obs.  tigim),  /  came. 

teann,  -einne,  a.,  tight,  firm,  strong,  stout. 

téidhim,  vl.,  dul,  v.  irreg.  intr.,  I  go,  proceed. 

teine,  g.  id.,  and  teineadh,  /.,  fire. 

teinneas,  -nis,  m.,  pain,  ache,  sickness,  disease. 

teo,  teogha,  teotha,  comp.  and  pi.  of  te,  hot,  warm. 

teud  (see  téad). 

tharais  (see  tar). 


FIRST  IRISH  BOOK 


thiocfas  (see  tigim). 
thorainn  (see  tar), 
thuigeas  (see  tuigim). 
tigim,  vL,  teacht,  v.  irreg.  intr.,  I  come. 
tighearna,  g.  id.^  m.,  a  lordy  a  landlord,  a  master,  a 
chief. 

tinn,  -e,  a.,  sick,  sickly,  sore,  unwell,  ill. 

tinneas  (teinneas,  -nis),  m.,  pain,  ache,  sickness, 

disease. 
tiocfadh  (see  teagaim). 

tir,  -e,  -iortha,  land,  country,  nation,  region,  district. 

tirim,  gsj.  tiorma,  a.,  dry,  sere,  sapless. 

tiugh,  gsj.,  -a,  -ighe  and  tiuighe,  a.,  thick,  thickest, 

close,  solid. 
tobar,  -air,  m.,  a  well,  a  spring. 
tog  (see  togaim). 

togaim,  V.  tr.,  I  raise,  lift,  erect,  elevate,  build. 

togbhail,  building,  raishig,  etc.  (see  togaim). 

toil,  g.,  -e  a7id  tola,  /.,  the  will;  a  wish,  consent. 

toileach,  -lighe,  a.,  willing,  voluntary. 

toilteach  (see  toileach). 

toiseach,  -sigh,  m.,  a  leader,  a  chief. 

torn,  g.,  tuim,  m.,  a  bush,  a  tuft;  a  thicket,  a  grove, 

tonn,  g.,  tuinne,  /.,  a  wave,  a  billow. 

torann,  -ainn,  m.,  sound,  report,  noise. 

tost,  m.,  silence;  bi  id'  thost,  hold  your  tongue;  taim 

im  thost,  /  am  silent. 
trasna,  pep.  and  ad.,  athwart,  across,  from  side  to 

side. 

tráthnona,  g.  id.,  m.,  evening. 


132  FIRST  IRISH  BOOK 

tre,  prep.,  through,  by  means  of. 

tréine,  g.  id.  /.,  strength,  might,  power. 

treise,  g,  id.  }.,  might,  power,  force,  strength,  comp. 

of  treas. 
treun,  comp.,  treis,  strong. 

trom,  -mime,  a.,  heavy,  oppressive;  trom  luighe, 
nightmare. 

truagh,  g.,  truaighe,  /.,  pity,  woe,  wretchedness; 

lament. 
tú,  per.  pro.,  thou,  you. 
tug  (see  do-bheirim). 
tugaidh  (see  tugtha). 

tugaim,  V.  tr.,  I  give,  etc.  (see  do-bheirim). 
tugtha,  p.  a.,  given,  granted,  brought,  taken,  willing. 
tuigim,  -gsin,  V.  tr.,  I  understand,  perceive,  discern. 
tuigeann  (see  tuigim),  a'dtuigeann  tú?    Do  you 
understand? 

tuirse,  g.  td.,  /.,  weariness,  sadness,  depression,  sorrow. 
tuitfir  (tuitim),  vl.  id.  v.  intr.,  I  fall,  I  stumble. 
tusa,  per.  pro.,  thou,  thyself.,  acc.  and  voc,  thusa,  thee, 

U 

uaigh,  g.,  uaighe,  a  grave,  a  tomb,  a  vault,  a  deny  a 
cave. 

uaim,  tá  uaim,  want,    tá  rud  uaim,  /  want  a  thing, 
uain,  -e,  /.,  time,  moment,  opportunity,  leisure. 
uair,  -e,  /.,  hour,  time,  occasion. 
usal,  gsf.,  uaisle,  a.,  noble,  gentle,  high-born;  bean 
uasal,  a  lady. 


FIRST  IRISH  BOOK 


133 


ubh,       uibh  and  uibhe,  m.  and  /.,  an  egg,  uhb 

circe,  a  hen's  egg. 
uchon  (ochón),  inter j.,  alas! 
ucht,  -a,  m.j  bosom,  breast,  lap. 

ughdar,  -air,  m.,  an  author;  an  authority;  a  voucher. 
S'  ^5  ^  grandson  or  descendant,    mac  ui 

Bhrian,  Mr.  O' Brian  (lit.,  the  son  of  O' Brian), 
uile,  a.,  every,  all,  whole,  entire, 
uime,  conj.,  wherefore,  therefore,  why,  about  him, 
uirri  (see  uirthi). 

uirthi,  uirthe,  prep.  pro.  3     /.,  on  her,  upon  her,  it. 

uisce,  g.  id,  m.,  water,    uisce  beatha,  whiskey, 

ur,  prefix,  very,  exceedingly. 

ur,  gsf.y  uire,  a.,  fresh,  moist,  new. 

urlar,  -air,  m.,  floor. 

urramaigh  (see  urramuighim). 

urramuighim  -ughadh,  v.  tr.,  I  respect,  honor,  revere, 

ursa,  g.,  ursan,  /.,  jamb,  door-post,  prop-stay. 


War  Cries  of  the  Ancient  Irish 

Carroll  —  Siubhal  adhbo!    Steady  march,  j or  ever! 
MacSwine — Bataile  adhbo!     The  noble  staff,  for 
ever! 

Hussey  —  Coir  direach  adhbo !  Strict  justice,  for  ever! 
Knights  of  Kerry — Fairi  buidhe  adhbo!    The  yellow 

troop,  for  ever! 
Fitzgerald  —  Crom  adhbo !    The  Deity,  for  ever! 
O^Neil — Lamh  dearg  adhbo!    Red-hafid,  for  ever! 
O^Brien  —  Lamh  laidir   adhbo!    Strong-hand,  for 

ever! 

Desmond  —  Sean  ait  adhbo !    The  old  place,  for  ever! 
Bourke  —  Gaill  ruadh  adhbo !    The  red  stranger,  for 
ever! 

Fitzpatrick  —  Gear  laidir  adhbo!    The  sharp  and 
strong,  for  ever! 

The  word  adhho  is  perhaps  written  for  athbuata,  most  excel- 
lent, or,  the  best. 


134 


Date  Due 


A  '  V 

1 

i 



Jul 

f 

 m 

^  197 

tool 

J  1995 

BOSTON  COLLEGE 


3  9031  01285118  4 


AUTHOR  '  /)  1 


TITi_ 


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